Tài liệu Cấu trúc rời rạc cho khoa học máy tính - Chapter 1B: Predicate Logic
ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA
KHOA KHOA HỌC - KỸ THUẬT MÁY TÍNH
CẤU TRÚC RỜI RẠC CHO KHMT (CO1007)
Nhóm:18-TDTT —- Homework
CHAPTER 1B
Predicate Logic
GVHD: Nguyễn An Khương
SV thực hiện: Đinh Minh Tân – 1613074
Trương Minh Tiến – 1613544
Vũ Đào Anh Tuấn – 1613938
Nguyễn Thị Trà My – 51305086
Tp. Hồ Chí Minh, Tháng 11/2016
1 Exercise 1
1
arity: Một con số thuộc toán học
Ex: Arity in technology
variable:biến số
Ex:x is a variable
argument:đối số, lí lẽ
Ex: argument of the vector
We agreed without much further argument !
constant:hằng số
Ex:h is Plang ’s constant
2
term:số hạng
Formula: công thức
Ex: Mathemetical formula is difficult to learn by heart
expression: biểu thức
Ex: This is a simple expression x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
3
free: tự do, độc lập
Ex: In free liqid surface, water is under oil
bound: giới hạn
Ex: compulation bound
captured: đạt được
Ex: This lim captured =3
2 Exercise 2
1
∃x(P(x) ∧ Q(x)) = ∃xP(x) ∧ ∃xQ(x)
We need proof ∃xP(x) ∧ ∃xQ(x) 0 ∃x(P(x) ∧ Q(x))
Let P(x) denotes ”x ≥ 0” and Q(x) denotes ”x < 0”
It is easy to see that the left hand is always true and the right hand is false
So we have the proof.
2
∃x(P(x) ∧ Q(x)) → ∃xP(x) ∧ ∃xQ(x)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
∃x(P(x) ∧ Q(x))
x0 P(x0) ∧ Q(x0)
P(x0)
premise
assumption
∧e12
∃xP(x)
Q(x0)
∃x i 3
∧e22
∃x i 5
∃xQ(x)
∃xP(x) ∧ ∃xQ(x) ∧i4, 6
∃xP(x) ∧ ∃xQ(x) ∃i1, 2 − 7
1
3
a) ∃x(S(x) ∨ R(x)) ≡ ∃xS(x) ∨ ∃xR(x)
Proof ∃x(S(x) ∨ R(x)) ` ∃xS(x) ∨ ∃xR(x)
1.
2.
∃x(S(x) ∨ R(x))
premise
x0 S(x0) ∨ R(x0)
S(x0)
assumption
assumption
∃x i 3
3.
4.
∃xS(x)
5.
∃xS(x) ∨ ∃xR(x) ∨i1 4
6.
R(x0)
assumption
∃x i 6
7.
∃xR(x)
∃xS(x) ∨ ∃xR(x) ∨i2 7
∃xS(x) ∨ ∃xR(x) ∨ e 2, 3–5, 6–8
∃xS(x) ∨ ∃xR(x) ∃x e 1, 2–9
8.
9.
10.
Proof ∃x(S(x) ∨ R(x)) a ∃xS(x) ∨ ∃xR(x)
1.
2.
∃xS(x) ∨ ∃xR(x) premise
∃xS(x)
x0 S(x0)
assumption
assumption
∨i1 3
3.
4.
S(x0) ∨ R(x0)
∃x(S(x) ∨ R(x))
∃xR(x)
5.
∃x i 4
6.
assumption
assumption
∨i2 7
7.
x0 R(x0)
8.
S(x0) ∨ R(x0)
∃x(S(x) ∨ R(x))
∃x(S(x) ∨ R(x))
9.
∃x i 8
10.
∨ e 1, 2-5, 6-9
b) ∀x(S(x) ∨ R(x)) ←− ∀xS(x) ∨ ∀xR(x)
We need proof ∀xS(x) ∨ ∀xR(x) ` ∀x(S(x) ∨ R(x))
1.
2.
∀xS(x) ∨ ∀xR(x) premise
∀xS(x)
x0 S(x0)
assumption
∀x e 2
3.
4.
S(x0) ∨ R(x0)
∀x(S(x) ∨ R(x))
∀xR(x)
∨i1 3
5.
∀x i 3–4
assumption
∀x e 6
6.
7.
x0 R(x0)
8.
S(x0) ∨ R(x0)
∀x(S(x) ∨ R(x))
∀x(S(x) ∨ R(x))
∨i2 4
9.
∀x i 7–8
∨ e 1, 2–5, 6–9
10.
2
c) ∀x(S(x) ∨ R(x)) = ∀xS(x) ∨ ∀xR(x)
We need proof ∀x(S(x) ∨ R(x)) 0 ∀xS(x) ∨ ∀xR(x)
Let S(x) denotes ”x ≥ 0” and R(x) denotes ”x < 0”
It is easy to see that the left hand is always true and the right hand can be false
For example, S(−1) and R(1) are false, so the right hand is false
So we have the proof.
4
∃x(P(x) → Q(x)) = ∃xP(x) → ∃xQ(x)
We need proof ∃xP(x) → ∃xQ(x) 0 ∃x(P(x) → Q(x))
Let P(x) denotes ”x ≥ 0” and Q(x) denotes ”x < 0”
It is easy to see that the left hand is always true and the right hand can be false
For example, P(1) and Q(1) are false, so the right hand is false
So we have the proof.
3 Exercise 3
Exercise 2.1.
(a) ∀x(P(x) → A(m, x))
(b) ∀x∃y(F(x) → Q(y, x))
Exercise 2.2.
6. S(x) ∧ ∀zP(x) → Q(z)
Exercise 2.3.
1a. (y = 0) ∧ (y = x) ` 0 = x
1.
2.
3.
4.
(y = 0) ∧ (y = x) premise
y = 0
y = x
0 = x
∧e1 1
∧e2 1
= e 2, 3
t1 is y, t2 is 0, ϕ is y = x.
1b. t1 = t2 ` t + t2 = t + t1
1.
t1 = t2
premise
2.
3.
t + t1 = t + t1 =i
t + t2 = t + t1 =e 1, 2
t1 is t1, t2 is t2, ϕ is t + t1 = t + t1
6a. ∀xP(x) ` ∀yP(y)
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
∀xP(x)
premise
y0 P(y0) ∀x e 1
∀yP(y)
∀yP(y)
∀y i 2
∀y i 2-3
6b. ∀x(P(x) → Q(x)) ` (∀x¬Q(x)) → (∀x¬P(x))
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
∀x(P(x) → Q(x))
∀x¬Q(x)
premise
assumption
∀x e 1
P(x0) → Q(x0)
x0 ¬Q(x0)
∀x e 2
¬P(x0)
∀x¬P(x)
∀x¬Q(x) → ∀x¬P(x) → i, 2–6
MT 3, 4
∀x i 3–5
6c. ∀x(P(x) → ¬Q(x)) ` ¬(∃x((P(x) ∧ Q(x)))
1.
2.
∀x(P(x) → ¬Q(x)) premise
∃x(P(x) ∧ Q(x))
assumption
assumption
∧e1 3
3.
x0 P(x0) ∧ Q(x0)
P(x0)
4.
5.
Q(x0)
∧e2 3
6.
P(x0) → ¬Q(x0)
∀x e 1
7.
¬Q(x0)
→ e 4, 6
¬ e 5, 7
∃x e 2, 3–8
8.
⊥
⊥
9.
10.
¬(∃x(P(x) ∧ Q(x)) PBC 2–9
7b. ∃x∃yF(x, y) ` ∃u∃vF(u, v)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
∃x∃yF(x, y)
premise
u0 ∃yF(u0, y) assumption
v0F(u0, v0)
F(u0, v0)
F(u0, v0)
∃vF(u0, v)
∃uF(u, v)
assumption
∃y e 2, 3
∃x e 1, 2–4
∃v i 5
∃u i 6
9b. S → ∃xQ(x) ` ∃(S → Q(x))
4
1.
2.
S → ∃xQ(x)
S ∨ ¬S
S
premise
LEM
3.
assumption
→ e 2, 3
assumption
copy 3
4.
∃xQ(x)
x0 Q(x0)
S
5.
6.
7.
Q(x0)
copy 5
8.
S → Q(x0)
→ i 6, 7
9.
∃x(S → Q(x)) ∃x i 8
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
∃x(S → Q(x)) ∃x e 4, 5–9
¬S
S
assumption
assumption
¬ e 11, 12
⊥ e 13
⊥
Q(x0)
S → Q(x0)
→ i 12–14
∃x(S → Q(x)) ∃x i 15
∃x(S → Q(x)) ∨ e 2, 3–10, 11–16
5
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