Các khó khăn trong khi thuyết trình của sinh viên ngôn ngữ Anh năm thứ tư tại trường Đại học Hải Phòng và một số giải pháp kiến nghị
DIFFICULTIES FACED Bꢀ THE FOURTHꢁꢀEAR ENGLISH MAJORS
AT HAI PHONG UNIVERSITꢀ WHILE GIVING A PRESENTATION
AND SOME SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
PhanꢀThànhꢀNam
FacultꢀꢁofꢁForeignꢁLanguages
Emailꢂꢁnampt@dhhpꢃeduꢃꢄn
Ngàꢀꢁnhꢂnꢁbài:ꢁ04/3/2021
NgàꢀꢁPBꢁꢃánhꢁgiá:ꢁꢁ01/6/2021
Ngàꢀꢁduꢀꢄtꢁꢃꢅng:ꢁ11/6/2021
ABSTRACTꢁꢀPresentation is the process of communicating predetermined messages in a systematic way to
a group of listeners. Learning and performing presentation skills are always a serious problem with English
majors at Hai Phong University, especially the fourth-year students. By using a questionnaire designed to
investigate difꢀculties that students from Class K18.1 might face, the researcher aims at ꢀnding out the real
problems related to the poor performance of these students. The questions used in the questionnaire focus on
how these students feel before a presentation, what they ꢀnd most difꢀcult when preparing a presentation,
how is their eye contact during a presentation, how they often use the body language and what problems they
most encounter while using presentation tool such as PowerPoint. At the end of the research, the researcher
offers some suggestions students could get beneꢀts on and improve their presentation.
Keywordsꢁ presentation, presentation skills, fourth year English majors, questionnaire, eye-contact
CꢂCꢀKHÓꢀKHĂNꢀTRONGꢀKHIꢀTHUꢃꢄTꢀTRÌNHꢀCꢅAꢀSINHꢀVIÊNꢀNGÔNꢀNGꢆꢀANHꢀꢀ
NĂMꢀTHꢇꢀTꢈꢀTꢉIꢀTRꢈꢊNGꢀꢋꢉIꢀHꢌCꢀHꢍIꢀPHꢎNGꢀꢀ
VꢏꢀMꢐTꢀSꢑꢀGIꢍIꢀPHꢂPꢀKIꢄNꢀNGHꢒ
TÓMꢀTꢓTꢁ Thuyꢁt trꢂnh là quá trꢂnh truyꢃn ꢄꢅt thꢆng tin mꢇt cách có hꢈ thꢉng ꢄꢁn mꢇt nhóm ngꢊꢋi
nghe. Hꢌc và thꢍ hiꢈn kꢎ nꢏng thuyꢁt trꢂnh luꢆn là vꢐn ꢄꢃ khó khꢏn ꢄꢉi vꢑi sinh viꢒn chuyꢒn ngành tiꢁng
Anh trꢊꢋng ꢓꢅi hꢌc Hꢔi Phòng, ꢄꢕc biꢈt là ꢄꢉi tꢊꢖng sinh viꢒn nꢏm thꢗ tꢊ. Bꢘng cách sꢙ dꢚng bꢔng cꢛu
hꢜi ꢄꢊꢖc thiꢁt kꢁ ꢄꢍ ꢄiꢃu tra nhꢝng khó khꢏn mà sinh viꢒn lꢑp Ngꢆn ngꢝ Anh 1 - K18 gꢕp phꢔi, tác giꢔ
hꢊꢑng ꢄꢁn tꢂm ra nguyꢒn nhꢛn cꢞa sꢟ thiꢁu hiꢈu quꢔ trong quá trꢂnh thꢟc hiꢈn thuyꢁt trꢂnh cꢞa sinh viꢒn.
Các cꢛu hꢜi ꢄꢊꢖc sꢙ dꢚng trong bꢔng cꢛu hꢜi tꢠp trung vào tꢂm hiꢍu trꢅng thái tꢛm lꢡ cꢞa sinh viꢒn trꢊꢑc
khi làm bài thuyꢁt trꢂnh, nhꢝng vꢐn ꢄꢃ sinh viꢒn cꢔm thꢐy khó khꢏn nhꢐt khi chuꢢn bꢣ mꢇt bài thuyꢁt trꢂnh,
cách giao tiꢁp bꢘng mꢤt cꢞa sinh viꢒn trong khi thuyꢁt trꢂnh, cách sinh viꢒn thꢊꢋng sꢙ dꢚng ngꢆn ngꢝ cꢥ
thꢍ và nhꢝng vꢐn ꢄꢃ sinh viꢒn gꢕp phꢔi khi sꢙ dꢚng cꢆng cꢚ trꢂnh chiꢁu nhꢊ PowerPoint. ꢦ cuꢉi nghiꢒn
cꢗu, tác giꢔ có ꢄꢊa ra mꢇt sꢉ gꢖi ꢡ giúp sinh viꢒn cꢔi thiꢈn ꢄꢊꢖc khꢔ nꢏng thuyꢁt trꢂnh cꢞa mꢂnh.
I.ꢀINTRODUCTION
Therefore, students not only listen to lectures
and take notes but also have to prepare the
lessons and present them in front of class.
Presentation is considered the simplest way
of expression to let others understand the
content that someone wants to convey. A
In recent years, the renewal of teaching
and learning methods is being applied
to many universities around the country.
Schools have been changing from traditional
teaching which is teacher - centered teaching
and learning to learner - centered one. good speaker is a person who takes the least
TRꢀꢁNGꢂꢃꢄIꢂHꢅCꢂHꢆIꢂPHꢇNG
time to convey information to listeners but pathos (inspiration, movement) and logos
stillmakesthemunderstandsclearlywhathas (reasonable). Cope, E. M., and Sandys, J.
been conveyed. The researcher realiꢀed that E. (Eds) (2010) show that according to the
there are many problems faced by the fourth- socio-economic economic development,
year English majors at Haiphong University Aristotleꢄs judgments persist over time and
while peforming presentation skills.
in the presentation, like any other traditional
form, there are ꢁve basic elements that are
often expressed as follows: Who presentsꢅ
Presenting to whomꢅ What is presentedꢅ
Why presentꢅ How to presentꢅ Relating
to presentation objectives, Lucas, S. E.
(2009) claims that there are two main types
of presentation: providing information
and persuading. Presentations that provide
information are aimed at sharing, providing,
conveying information to listeners.
The research was conducted to assess
thecurrentstateandtoimprovepresentation
skills for the fourth-year English majors of
at Haiphong University.
Firstly, the research is aimed at ꢁnding
out difꢁculties while making presentation
faced by English majors at class K18.1,
Haiphong University.
Secondly, the research is aimed at
giving some suggestions to improve the
presentation skills for the fourth-year
English majors at class K18.1, Haiphong
University.
Deꢁnitionꢀofꢀpresentationꢀskills
Presentation skills are deꢁned in Oxford
dictionary as the set of skills and methods
required to orally present information to
other people. According to De Greꢀ, L., ꢆ
Valcke, M. (2010), presentation skill relates
to the oral presentation competence which
is the combination of the understanding,
attitudes and abilities needed to speak
in public in order to give information,
to convince and to relate. According to
Tkachenko, I. (2014), these skills comprise
many aspects such as layout of the
presentation, the outline of the slides, the
voice tone, the body language and these
skills are very useful in many areas of work
and life. Tkachenko (2014) claims that
Finally, by answering the question
above, the author hopes to ꢁnd out as many
diffculties while making presetations of the
fourth-year English majors at Haiphong
University as possible, then to offer some
suggested solutions to these students.
II.ꢀLITERATUREꢀREVIEW
Deꢁnitionꢀofꢀpresentationꢀ
Oxford dictionary deꢁnes the word
“presentation” as ‘a talk or speech which
shows or explains idea, product or set task
to the audiences. According to Dꢂꢃng, T.
L. (2011), presentation is verbal presenting
to many people on a certain issue in efꢁcient presentations and public speaking
order to provide information or persuade skills are vital in business, sales, training,
others. Robins, G. (2008) claims that teaching, lecturing, etc. He also states
“presentation” is a form of communication that when students are asked to present in
ꢁrst mentioned on Egyptian papyrus about English, it is a difꢁcult task because they are
4500 years ago. According to Dlugan, A. usually stressful while presenting in their
(2010), Aristotle classiꢁed three elements own language, so making a presentation in
that the presenter can use: ethos (accuracy), English is even harder to them.
TꢀPꢁCHꢂꢁKHOAꢁHꢃC, Sꢄꢁ49,ꢁthángꢁ11ꢁnꢅmꢁ2021
III.ꢀMETHODOLOGꢂ
Researchꢀmethod
participants, at 75.76 percent, feel a little
stressful and anxious before a presentation.
The survey also shows that they will be
stable after some minutes of presenting.
On the other hand, a small minority of
survey participants, namely 12.12 percent,
feel very stressful, nervous, anxious and
tremble. In the same way, 12.12 percent of
the others are normal, easeful and conꢁdent
before a presentation.
The method chosen by the author is
the quantitative research.
To collect quantitative data, the
author uses a survey also known as a
questionaire. Once the data is collected,
the author analyꢀes and visualiꢀes the data
by using bar graphs.
Descriptionꢀofꢀtheꢀresearchꢀobjects
Object of this study is the fourth-year
English Majors of Language Department
at Haiphong University. After studying
and consulting with my research partner,
the author conducted a survey on thirty-
three students of English Class 1 K18 of
Foreign Language Department at Haiphong
University. Firstly, the fourth-year English
Majors have to be proꢁcient at using
presentation language like pronunciation,
vocabulary, grammar and ꢇuency. Secondly,
they are required to be good at greeting,
answering questions as well as using body
languages such as gestures, gestures, and
eye contact. Finally, their presentation must
have good organiꢀation characteriꢀed by
cohesive three part structured speech. Even
if they present in groups, there must be
smooth step transference between members.
Graphꢀ2:ꢀDifꢁcultiesꢀwhileꢀpreparingꢀaꢀ
presentationꢀfacedꢀbꢂꢀstudentsꢀ(inꢀpercent)
60 percent of students get troubles in
preparing presentation contents while
approximately 40 percent of presenters
consider presentation aids are more
complicated when preparing a speech.
DISCUSSIONS
Graphꢀ3:ꢀTheꢀusingꢀofꢀeꢂes-contactꢀmadeꢀ
bꢂꢀstudentsꢀ(inꢀpercent)
In terms of using eye contact, can be
seen from the bar graph that only 21 percent
of students fourth-year English Majors at
Haiphong University are conꢁdent to look
at the audience. There are twice as many
Graphꢀ1:ꢀStressꢀlevelꢀofꢀstudentsꢀwhileꢀꢀ
givingꢀpresentationꢀ(inꢀpercent)
It is clear from the graph that as presenters feels scared and have to stare
approximately three quarters of survey at the prepared speech, and more than
TRꢀꢁNGꢂꢃꢄIꢂHꢅCꢂHꢆIꢂPHꢇNG
a third of students, which is 36 percent, have good stance. They stand straight up
conꢀdently, and sometimes move around
the place during their presentation. Only
a small minority of English Majors have
ineffective stance which is standing at one
place and leaning against a table, a chair
or a wall.
are embarrassed and usually look at the
ceiling, the walls or outside the window.
Graphꢀ4:ꢀBodꢁꢀlanguagesꢀusedꢀbꢁꢀ
studentsꢀ(inꢀpercent)
Graphꢀ6:ꢀTheꢀmostꢀproblematicꢀ
presentationꢀtoolsꢀfacedꢀbꢁꢀ
studentsꢀ(inꢀpercent)
As is illustrated by the graph, most of
the students do not know how to use their
arms appropriately and effectively when
making a presentation. More than half of
the English Majors, about 51 percent, swing
and point their arms unnaturally. Besides,
nearly 6 percent of the others fold their arms
over their chest while presenting. There
are nearly twice as many students holding
a pen or something else in their hands as
students crossing their hands. There is still
a minority of presenters even do nothing
with their arms. Only more than a third of
English Majors can swing and point their
arms naturally while making a speech.
It is obvious from the graph that
PowerPoints are used by all of the English
Majors when they make presentations.
Charts are less used than pictures by more
. Only a very small number of English
Majors use maps for their speech.
Many fourth-year English Majors
at Haiphong University feel stressful
and nervous before making a speech.
Nervousness and embarrassment is
common in speakers. So what are the
reasons causing stress for fourth-year
English Majors at Haiphong University
beforeaspeechꢁThesurveydatashowsthat
a very large percentage of the reasons come
from poor preparation for the presentation.
During the preparation of a speech, English
Majors at Haiphong University go through
the process of researching the topic,
collecting and processing information,
building the outline for speech, designing
visual aids, and practicing presentation.
First and foremost, in researching the topic,
limitations of knowledge of presentation
Graphꢀ5:ꢀPosturesꢀusedꢀ
bꢁꢀstudentsꢀ(inꢀpercent)
This bar chart shows the stance of
fourth-year English Majors at Haiphong
University while making a speech. As one topic is a huge obstacle for fourth-year
willexpect,averylargemajorityofstudents English Majors.
TꢀPꢁCHꢂꢁKHOAꢁHꢃC, Sꢄꢁ49,ꢁthángꢁ11ꢁnꢅmꢁ2021
Besides, a small number of fourth-year effective hand gestures during a speech.
English Majors at Haiphong University feel Half of the students swing and point their
nervous and anxious before a presentation arms unnaturally. Besides, there is still a
because they do not have skills and
techniques to stabiliꢂe their psychology.
Objectively, this comes from the lack of
courses that provide psychological stability
skills for students before presentations.
Courses in the universityꢃs training
program mostly focus on developing skills
for students to build up an informative
presentation and skills to use support
tools effectively without paying attention
to their psychology. Subjectively, fourth-
year English Majors themselves have not
actively explored and learned psychological
stability skills from other sources.
small proportion of students even do not
do anything with their arms. These often
see their limbs redundant and do not know
where to hide their hands. Subjectively,
fourth-year English Majors themselves are
not proactive in learning skills of using
hands from other sources. Nowadays,
with the development of information
technology, it is easy for students to search
information from other resources such as
Internet, newspapers or electronic libraries.
As illustrated by the survey, about
three-ꢀfths of fourth-year English Majors
at Haiphong University ꢀnd it difꢀcult
to prepare the presentation content rather
than presentation tools, in which more than
half of them ꢀnd the Body of a speech the
most complicated. However, the survey
results also indicate that for the Body
section, English Majors seem to meet all
its requirements. Speciꢀcally, most of
them ensure almost three parts of each
Body paragraph which are introducing
the matter, presenting the matter, and
concluding the matter. In addition,
methods are often applied to increase the
convincing of a problem. It is shown by the
survey that the method of giving practical
examples is used by most English Majors,
followed by the method of giving proof of
data and the method of telling a story of
the illustration. In addition, English Majors
also pay attention to using connectors
and phrases to transfer smoothly between
ideas and link paragraphs in the Body
A large number of fourth-year English
Majors at Haiphong University are not
good at using eye contact. Many students
have timid look and usually stare at the
prepared material, while some of the
other awkwardly look at the ceiling or the
walls. So what are the reasons of bad eye
contact of fourth-year English Majors at
Haiphong Universityꢁ This comes from
the fact that students have not practiced
their presentations carefully. Most English
Majors at Haiphong University often
write presentation contents which are very
detailed on their notebooks and bring them
along when giving presentations. That is
reason why approximately 36 percent of
English Majors often look at the ceiling or
the walls when making their speech.
Most of fourth-year English Majors
of Foreign Language Department
at Haiphong University have good
awareness of the role of using gestures in to create coherence for the Body of the
presentations. However, many of them do presentation. However, it can be seen
not know how to make appropriate and that many fourth-year English Majors at
TRꢀꢁNGꢂꢃꢄIꢂHꢅCꢂHꢆIꢂPHꢇNG
Haiphong University ꢀnd the Body section preparation is very essential because it
causes difꢀculties for them in preparing brings conꢀdence to speakers.An excellent
the content of a presentation because it
needs more information and takes more
time to prepare than Introduction and
Conclusion. As a result, students too focus
on and spend a lot of time preparing their
Body that they forget to invest time to
prepare for an impressive Introduction and
an effective Conclusion.
speaker often works harder than you can
imagine to join things together, making
sure he or she will be conꢀdent enough
when delivering the presentation. When
preparing the original, choose the topic
you already know. Speaking about the
topic that is familiar to you will deꢀnitely
give you the advantage of conꢀdence
because you know what you need to say
and control your speech process. After
having designed the PowerPoint as well
as other support tool, spend two hours
to check out the slides, making sure the
sequence of slides is the same order of the
speech process, the content on each slide is
short but informative enough, no spelling
mistakes, full-siꢂe font, harmonious color
It is obvious from the survey results that
in all kinds of support tools, PowerPoint is
most used by all the fourth-year English
Majors at Haiphong University when they
have to make presentations. Students are
interested in using PowerPoint because
it brings them with many beneꢀts. First
and foremost, PowerPoint is an integrated
application in Microsoft Ofꢀce, so it is very
convenient and easy to use. Because the combination of font and background,
ꢀnal year students at Haiphong University suitable pictures and charts, video clips
are required to get informatics certiꢀcate in function, appropriate effects. The ꢀnal
which includes requirement of proꢀcient
use of PowerPoint, using PowerPoint for
presentations to them is no problems.
However, when preparing PowerPoint for
presentations, many fourth-year English
Majors at Haiphong University encounter
with the problems of multi-word slides.
Many students use PowerPoint to replace
notes when speaking. As a result, each
slide is full of words so the presenters can
read it to the audience. Obviously, slides
with many words reduce the affection of
studentsꢃ presentation.
preparation step is practice. The success
or failure of your presentation depends
on your preparation and rehearsal. Every
careful preparation will be useless if you
cannot express what you have in front
of the audience. The goal of practice is
to memoriꢂe the contents and order of
presentation. “Practice makes perfect”.
If you prepare well and practice well,
surely your presentation will go smoothly.
Rehearsalisalsoagoodopportunityfor you
to master the content, adjust the time and
correct the mistakes in your presentation.
Suggestionsꢀ forꢀ maintainingꢀ
psychologyicalꢀstability
Suggestionsꢀforꢀbetterꢀpreparationꢀ
beforeꢀgivingꢀaꢀpresentation
English Majors should regularly train
their psychology even if they do not
Managing stress is the biggest step that
fourth-year English Majors have to pass to make a presentation. Before a speech, it is
become good presenters. To control stress, advisable for fourth-year English Majors
TꢀPꢁCHꢂꢁKHOAꢁHꢃC, Sꢄꢁ49,ꢁthángꢁ11ꢁnꢅmꢁ2021
at Haiphong University to apply some students have the ability to memoriꢀe
skills below to stabiliꢀe the psychology. everything prepared. Instead of big sheets
In terms of intellect, continuously believe of paper or notebooks, students should use
your introduction will be fruitful and small sheets of paper. Palm siꢀed sheets of
warmly gotten by the gathering of people. paper are convenient for you to put in your
Get freed of your pressure and rest well palms and sometimes glance at quickly to
the night some time recently. In terms of remember the ideas.
body, gently move a few meters before
giving a presentation, breathe deeply and
evenly in order to create the necessary
relaxation. For two hands, hold tight and
loose as slowly as possible. You can do it
many times before a speech. In terms of
face, practice facial muscles to create the
most natural emotion by closing your eyes
tightly, closing your lips and frowning at
the same time, then relaxing. This practice
will help your muscles not be hard when
speaking and your voice will be clearer.
You can practice again and again before
giving a presentation. Besides, you can
open your mouth and your eyes as large
as possible, and relax afterwards. This will
help all your facial muscles to stretch and
become more ꢁexible. You can practice
again and again repeatedly before starting
your presentation.
Suggestionsꢀforꢀusingꢀhandꢀgestures
Hand gestures have become an
indispensable part of communication
skills. Thus, for any English Majors even
those are bad at making presentations,
there are some simple and safe suggestions
of handꢂs position for them to follow.
“The principle of keeping the ball”. The
simulated gesture acts as if you are holding
a basketball between two hands is a sign
of good conꢃdence and control, as if you
really hold the truth in your hands. Steve
Jobs regularly uses this approach in his
speeches. “Hands form a pyramid”.ꢀWhen
a person is worried, their hands often
rub together and it is difꢃcult to remain
stable. Therefore, the best way is to place
two hands like pyramids in a comfortable
position. To do this, lightly touching the
tips of your ꢃngers together. But one thing
to note is to avoid using it too much or
There are many behaviors expressed combine it with an arrogant, smug attitude
through eye contact. Beginning by making on the face. “Hands face up”. This gesture
eye contact around the room. This will help shows openness and honesty.
to catch audienceꢂs attention. Next, giving
your eyes attention to a group of listeners
when you start your ꢃrst words. Lastly,
moving your eyes to all the audience, so
that the audience will understand you are
interested in everyone.
V.ꢀCONCLUSIONS
Presentation skills
speaking abilities are not constrained to
certain uncommon individuals ꢄ anybody
can provide a great introduction, or
per- frame open talking to a proꢃcient
and impressive standard. Like most
and
public
Using notes is an effective way for specialisms, this requires arrangement and
English Majors during the process of training. Educating students the techniques
delivering the presentation because few to plan and provide a well-organised, ꢃne,
TRꢀꢁNGꢂꢃꢄIꢂHꢅCꢂHꢆIꢂPHꢇNG
efꢃcient presentation is exceptionally from previous researches and articles
vital. Substance, association, structure, released in many trusted science journals.
The author hopes that in the near future,
he could do further researches of applying
useful presentation teaching methods
that help English majors at Haiphong
University overcome their limitless and
perform better oral presentation.
non-verbal communication, utiliꢀing of
visual aids, dealing with questions ought to
be instructed explicitly to the understudies.
The research was conducted on
February2021withaviewtoꢃndingoutthe
difꢃculties while presenting of the fourth-
yearEnglish majors at Foreign Language
Department of Hai Phong University.
From the analysis of the ꢃndings of the
research in the previous chapter, it can be
stated that there are more than one problem
of performing a presentation.
REFERENCES
1. Cope, E. M., ꢆ Sandys, J. E. (Eds.). (2010).
Aristotle: Rhetoric (Vol. 2). Cambridge University
Press.
2. De Greꢀ, L., ꢆ Valcke, M. (2010). Learning
and instruction of oral presentation skills.
3. Dlugan, A. (2010). Ethos, pathos, logos: 3
pillars of public speaking. Six Minutes Speaking
and Presentation Skills, 24.
By answering the main question:
“What are some difꢃculties that the
fourth-yearEnglish Majors at Haiphong
University have to face to when making a
presentationꢅ”, the author discovered many
problems while making presentations of
the 4th year English majors at Haiphong
University. The main problems they have
to face while giving a presentation range
from psychological factors such as anxiety
andstress, thelimitofusingbodylanguages
(eyes-contact, hand gestures, postures,
etc.) and the using of presentation tools.
There are many methods and approaches
that the teachers might use to help students
deal with these problems.
4. Dꢇꢈng, T. L. (2011). Kꢉ nꢊng thuyꢋt trꢌnh:
Phꢍn 1.
5. Lucas, S. E. (2009). The art of public
speaking 11th edition. Boston. Mc. Graw Hill.
Education in a competitive and globaliꢀing world.
Handbook of curriculum development, 177-208.
6. Tkachenko, I. (2014). Teaching presentation
skills to students of business English. ꢎꢏнꢐнсоꢑиꢒ
просꢓꢏр, (4 (16)), 231-234.
7. Robins, G. (2008). The art of ancient Egypt.
Harvard University Press.
8. Presentation. In Oxford Dictionaries.
oxforddiction-
presentation.
aries.com/deꢃnition/english/
Because of the limited time, the
author have not yet applied these teaching
methods on the real presentation classes.
Most of these teaching approaches come
9. Presentation Skills. In Collins Dictionary.
Re- trieved September 30, 2014, from http://
presentation- skillsꢅshowCookiePolicy=true.
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