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VNU JOURNAL OF FOREIGN STUDIES, VOL. 37, NO. 3 (2021)

79

AMULTIMODALDISCOURSEANALYSIS

OFROMANTIC COMEDY MOVIE POSTERS

Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh*

VNU University of Languages and International Studies

Pham Van Dong, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

Received 9 December 2020

Revised 20 March 2021; Accepted 18 May 2021

Abstract: Multimodal discourse analysis (MDA) is a new and prominent approach in discourse

analysis with a quite rapid pace of development. According to this approach, meaning is made not only

by words but also by the integration of other semiotic resources such as images, sounds and colours.

This study further supports this theory by the analysis of the posters of fifteen top grossing American

romantic comedies. Based on Kress and Van Leeuwen’s framework (2006), the research indicates the

similarities and differences in using semiotic elements to create meaning and promote the movies. The

results not only identify the patterns in designing movie posters but also examine the effectiveness of

the framework in analyzing multimodal texts.

Key words: multimodal discourse analysis, romantic comedy movie posters

1. Introduction^*

It has been long agreed that words

Multimodal studies originated in the

early 1990s and the past three decades have

witnessed numerous research fruits in this

field. Multimodality has considered different

modes of communication such as the visual

mode of images, gesture, gaze, posture,

colour, typography, composition etc. (Kress

& van Leeuwen, 2006; Machin, 2007;

Jewitt, 2009), claiming that these elements

transfer and generate meaning. Studies have

not only focused on a single mode but also

the integration of different modes in

multimodal texts (e.g. O’Halloran, 2008)

and even in dynamic multimodal discourse

such as videos and films (e.g. O’Halloran,

2004). Subjects for research are also

expanding, covering a wide range of

domains, from magazine covers (Machin &

Thornborrow, 2003), movies (Bo, 2018),

are not the only means of communication.

Instead, the so-called modes including

visuals, gestures and actions always have

social meaning (Kress & Van Leeuwen,

2001). When a text is constructed by the

combination of words with other modalities,

such as pictures, film, video images and

sound, it becomes a multimodal text. This is

the subject of research of multimodal

discourse analysis (MDA). This approach of

discourse

analysis

“considers

how

multimodal texts are designed and how

semiotic tools such as colour, framing, focus

and positioning of elements contribute to the

making of meaning in these texts”

(Paltridge, 2012, p. 170).

^*Corresponding author.

Email address: [email protected]

https://doi.org/10.25073/2525-2445/vnufs.4647

VNU JOURNAL OF FOREIGN STUDIES, VOL. 37, NO. 3 (2021)

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websites (Moran & Lee, 2013), to children’s

storybooks (Ton & Nguyen, 2019).

the movie, it has a great contribution to the

impact of the movie and its sales. By

sparking interest around a film, it persuades

customers into a theatre to see it. However,

a movie poster is not just promotional

material. It also provides basic information

of the movie and expresses the key message

and main vibe of the movie. As it is often

said that “a picture is worth a thousand

words”, a poster can tell about the movie in

more detail than a thousand words could and

in a very different way than words ever

could. Therefore, although being considered

a sub-genre of advertisements, movie

posters have their own distinctive features

including the strong dependence on the

movie content and the overwhelming role of

images in predicting the movie’s plot.

In the area of advertisement and

promotion, much progress has been made

with analysis of magazine advertisements

(Bell & Milic, 2002), beauty product

advertisements (Harrison, 2008), cosmetic

surgery leaflets (Martinez & Chovanec,

2012), to name but a few. Such studies share

a common purpose of examining how

semiotic modes are purposefully used to

have certain desired effects on the recipients.

In order to achieve this aim, multimodal

studies have utilized different approaches.

Firstly, there is a tendency that visual

analysis is combined with Critical Discourse

Analysis to identify the underlying

knowledge structures and ideologies that

advertisements base on to attract customers.

For example, Martinez and Chovanec (2012)

analyzed 20 Spanish cosmetic surgery

leaflets and found that the image of an

idealized female body was exploited for

economic goals. This revealed the

application of the prevalent ideology of

femininity in such leaflets. The gender

ideologies can also be found in multimodal

research on beauty products like Harrison

(2008), Baykal (2016) or magazine

advertisements in general like Bell and Milic

(2002). Such research from the perspective

of Critical Discourse Analysis tends to

include both visual and linguistic analysis.

However, those with emphasis on the

transference of meanings of the visual

elements may be based on only semiotic

analysis. For example, Hu and Luo (2016)

focused on visual components of the

advertisement produced by Tmall for the

Double Eleven Shopping Carnival to

illustrate how they could attract the viewers.

Despite the differences in approaches and

scopes, most of the reviewed studies employ

Kress and Van Leeuwen’s Visual Grammar

to carry out the analysis of semiotic elements.

Although movie posters provide a

good source for investigating how semiotic

resources make meaning in communication,

little research has been done on this sub-

genre. Chen and Gao (2013) attempted to

formulate a model for MDA of movie

posters from the adaption of Kress and van

Leeuwen’s Visual Grammar. Although some

terms have been renamed and some

categories have been simplified, their model

still closely followed and resembled the

framework of Visual Grammar. The

applicability and practicality of the proposed

model was testified by the analysis of eleven

posters of popular movies (Chen & Gao,

2013). Iftikhar, Shahnaz and Masroor (2019)

applied Chen and Gao’s (2013) framework

to the linguistic and visual analysis of

posters of three Academy Award winning

animated movies. Employing a qualitative

and interpretative approach, the study

closely examined the three posters with

support of screenshots from the movies and

concluded that “various linguistic and visual

modalities employed in movie posters

converge together to give an apt

representation of the theme of the movie”

(Iftikhar, Shahnaz & Masroor, 2019, p. 49).

As can be seen, these previous studies

A movie poster is a poster used to

promote and advertise a film. As the face of

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mainly serve as exploratory research into the

application of MDA in analyzing movie

posters, thus the patterns in making

meanings among the posters have not been

identified. Furthermore, as posters are used

to provide information of the movies, the

genre of the movies may take an important

role in the posters’ meaning making.

However, the issue of genre has not been put

into consideration in previous studies.

(2006) in analyzing the multimodal texts.

2. Theoretical Framework – The Visual

Grammar

MDA draws from Systemic

functional linguistics (SFL), pioneered by

Halliday. Halliday (2009) describes three

types of metafunction that are drawn on

simultaneously in the use of language, which

are ideational (what the text is about),

In order to fill in the research gap,

this study utilizes the framework of Kress

and van Leeuwen (2006) to analyze

romantic movie posters to indicate the

similarities and differences among these

posters in using multimodal modes to make

meaning and promote the movies. The

research serves two main purposes: (1)

identify the common pattern in using the

semiotic modes to make meanings among

these posters and (2) examine the effectiveness

of Kress and van Leeuwen’s framework

interpersonal

(relations

between

participants) and textual (how the message is

organized). Based on Halliday’s theory,

Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) put forward

Visual Grammar, a framework to analyze

visual images. In this model, visual

structures are treated as linguistic structures.

They use different terms for the same

subjects: representational instead of

ideational;

interactive

instead

of

interpersonal; and compositional instead of

textual.

Figure 1

The Equivalence Between the Three Meanings of Linguistic Texts and Visual Texts (Kress &

van Leeuwen, 2006)

Linguistic text

Visual text

Ideational

Interpersonal

Textual

Representational

Interactive

Compositional

The representational meaning deals

with the way images present aspects of the

world. There are two choices of structure,

which are narrative and conceptual ones.

The image uses narrative structure if it

represents actions, events or change. In

narrative visuals, participants are connected

by a vector and represented as doing

something to or for each other (Kress & van

Leeuwen, 2006). Narrative representation

can be further categorized into action

process, reaction process and speech and

mental process and conversion process, with

reference to the six processes in Halliday’s

Transitivity system. Meanwhile, conceptual

structure represents generalized concepts, in

which participants are represented “in terms

of their generalized and more or less stable

and timeless essence” (Kress & van

Leeuwen, 2006, p. 79). Conceptual

representation is divided into classificatory

processes, analytical process and symbolical

process, with the former two resembling

relational process in SFL.

The

interactive

meaning

is

concerned with the representation of social

relations between the producer, the viewer

and the subject being represented, which are

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realized by contact, social distance, attitude

and modality (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006).

First, contact is established by the presence

of gaze, with two options of offer and

demand. If the subject directly looks at the

viewer, an imaginary contact is created

between the represented participant and the

viewer. This is a “demand” gaze. In contrast,

if the subject looks away from the viewers,

to another object in the picture, the viewer’s

role is that of an invisible onlooker. This is

an “offer” type of image. Second, social

distance represents social relations between

the producer, the viewer and the represented

subject, which is realized by the size of the

frame. Choices could range from extreme

close-up to very long shots. Next, attitude,

which includes subjectivity and objectivity,

is decided by angles. While the horizontal

angles are related to the involvement of the

represented participants by the image-

producer, vertical angles of the camera are

concerned with the symbolic power relation

between the represented participant and the

viewer. Specifically, high angles indicate

viewer power, eye levels show equality, and

low angles represent power. Finally,

modality is concerned with truth value and

credibility, which is influenced by modality

markers such as color saturation, color

differentiation, illumination and brightness.

Framing devices play a critical role in

connecting or disconnecting elements in the

image.

3. Methodology

This study adopts a descriptive

qualitative approach with the assistance of

quantitative tools. The qualitative method

was first used to describe, analyze and

interpret the collected samples; then, the data

was quantitatively analyzed to identify the

common pattern in using the semiotic modes

to make meanings among these posters.

3.1. Data Description

15 official posters of 15 American

movies were chosen for analysis. All of these

movies belong to the specific genre of

romantic comedy. This is to assure that the

chosen posters share a great deal of

similarities in terms of context, including

target audience, purpose, nature of

information. It also serves the purpose of the

present study in identifying the patterns in

choosing semiotic elements to make

meaning in the specific genre of romantic

comedy. Moreover, these movies are

proposed as “the 15 highest-grossing rom-

coms of all time” by the Entertainment

weekly, a famous American entertainment

magazine

with

concentration

on

The compositional meaning works

with the “textual” function, the way in which

representations and communicative acts

cohere into meaningful whole through three

interrelated systems: information value,

salience and framing (Kress & van Leeuwen,

2006). Information value is how elements

are placed that makes them relate to each

other and to the viewer. Different zones of

the image such as left and right, top and

bottom, center and margin are endowed with

different information values. Salience is how

certain elements might be made to stand out

by using factors such as foreground or

background placement, relative sizes,

contrasts in tonal value or color, sharpness.

entertainment media news and critical

reviews. Notably, these 15 American movies

were released worldwide and received great

success in both domestic and international

box office. The box office revenue may

indicate the success of the promotional

campaign in general, and to a certain extent,

the success of the posters as one of the

promotional materials.

In order to assure that the posters are

the official ones, the information was double

checked from different popular movie websites

including imdb.com, rottentomatoes.com and

Wikipedia. The posters and their basic

information are included in the Appendix.

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3.2. Data Analysis

The present study adopted an

Regarding the processes, the study focused

on the division between narrative and

conceptual structures without analyzing the

types of process formed by vectors. The

linguistic texts of the poster, including the

movie titles and the taglines, and the movie

summaries were consulted to increase the

accuracy of the interpretation of

representational meaning.

adapted version of Kress and van Leeuwen’s

framework (2006) in consultation with Chen

and Gao (2013) to analyze the semiotic

elements of the posters. The texts in the

posters include the movie titles, the taglines,

the release date and the names of the

actors/actresses, the directors, the crew, and

the producers. Due to the simplicity of these

linguistic components, linguistic analysis is

not of interest. Therefore, the present study

only considered the semiotic aspects of the

linguistic text, which was analyzed in the

compositional meaning. The meaning of the

text is only regarded as a clue to reinforce the

interpretation of the visual images.

In interactive meaning, since the

posters are all presented in portrait

orientation, the analysis of the horizontal

perspective

seems

unnecessary.

Furthermore, the analysis of modality with

such issues as color modulation, depth, or

illumination, requires high technology, thus

was omitted from the scope of analysis.

Regarding the size of frame, Kress & van

Leeuwen (2006) proposed a seven-point

scale; however, as the two extreme levels are

vague in description, the present study

simplified the scale into five levels as follows:

In representational meaning, the

participants, the processes and the

circumstances are analyzed to see how the

characters and backgrounds are depicted and

find the links among these three elements.

Figure 2

Adapted Scale for Size of Frame Classification

Size of frame

Description

Close-up

Medium close shot cuts off the subject approximately at the waist

Medium shot cuts off the subject approximately at the knees

Medium long shot shows the full figure

shows head and shoulders of the subject

Long shot

the human figure occupies about half the height of the frame

In compositional meaning, all three

elements of salience, information value and

framing were examined. The linguistic

words with semiotic elements were regarded

as a part of the visual image and analyzed

accordingly.

In short, the analytical framework in

the present study is adapted from Kress and

van Leeuwen (2006) and summarized in

figure 3.

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Figure 3

The Analytical Framework of the Present Study

4. Multimodal Discourse Analysis of the

Romantic Movie Posters

Figure 4

Number of Participants in the Posters

This part mainly discusses the trends

in using visual components of the movie

posters for the purpose of having a clearer

understanding of how the posters appeal to

and be resonant with the viewers through

multimodal construction. All difficulties in

examining each type of meaning are also

noted to serve the study’s second purpose of

evaluating the effectiveness of Kress and

van Leeuwen’s framework (2006) in

analyzing multimodal texts. The posters are

referred to by the names of the movies and

the full images can be found in the

Appendix.

In terms of participants, the posters

mostly represent the main characters of the

movie with only one or two participants.

When there are two participants, viewers

may quickly tell that they are the main

couple in the movie and consequently turn

the attention to their relationship. These

posters are relationship-oriented and tend to

follow the tradition of romantic comedies,

thus their genre is easily identified. In

contrast, one-participant posters are

character-oriented as they only depict one

4.1. Representational Meaning

According to Kress and van

Leeuwen (2006), the representational

meaning can be realized by three

components, which are participants, process

types and circumstances.

leading

actor/actress

without

any

relationship. Surprisingly, six out of 15

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samples follow this pattern so this is not a

minor trend. It can be said that the romantic

content is not always expressed explicitly in

the posters and ambiguity can be a technique

to attract the audience.

two posters, the action is not related to the

romantic theme. Instead, the actions reveal

the main characters’ personality or feelings.

For example, in Bringing Down the House

(2003), the woman’s action of raising hand

and her facial expression is not to show her

romantic relationship but to expose her

identity as a loud and shocking woman who

turns the male lead’s life upside down.

Figure 5

A Comparison Between Conceptual and

Narrative Structure

It is noteworthy from the analysis

that the distinction between narrative or

conceptual structure is not clear. This is due

to the nature of the image. Different from the

linguistic text in which the process is simply

indicated by the main verbs, visual text may

show the mixture of different actions in a

single image. In addition, the interpretation

of image is subjective. In many cases, it is

difficult to decide if the participants are

represented as doing the action or they are

just posing for the photo to show who they

are. In these cases, the researcher had to refer

to the content of the movie to categorize the

posters but the result is still unavoidably

based on personal judgement. More

importantly, from the above result of

analysis, the meanings created by two types

of structure are not separated from each

other. Like in the case of Crazy Rich Asians

(2018), even when the image is categorized

as narrative structure, the actions are actually

used to create the participants’ identity as a

couple, which in turn is closely related to

conceptual structure. In short, the

interpretation of visual images is subjective,

complex and flexible, thus cannot be easily

codified into the process types.

Conceptual

Narrative

In terms of process, both narrative

and conceptual structures are employed in

the samples. Conceptual structure is used in

8 out of 15 posters to represent the

protagonists. Viewers may tell who the main

characters are from their appearance or body

language but not much about their story. For

example, in There’s Something About Mary

(1998), what is depicted is an attractive and

cheerful girl, not her actions of smiling or

putting her hands on her knees. Meanwhile,

narrative structure provides more hints about

the content of the movie from the

participants’ actions. In Crazy Rich Asians

(2018), what viewers can realize are the two

participants’ actions of hugging, smiling and

looking into each other’s eyes, thus the

poster is classified as narrative structure.

Remarkably, most of the depicted actions in

seven narrative posters are related to

romantic relationships such as hugging and

kissing, proposing or getting married. In

other words, these actions help to establish

the participants’ identity of a couple. In only

Lastly, circumstances, consisting of

setting (or locative circumstances), means

and accompaniment, appear in only 7 out of

15 samples. Regarding setting, four out of

five circumstances are connected to a

specific location including Greek, Japan or

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America to highlight the context of the story.

These are the cases when the contexts are

special or influential in constructing the plot.

Accompaniment occurs in two posters in the

form of belongings or extras. In Sweet Home

Alabama (2002), some pieces of luggage and

a dog appear as the movie talks about the

character’s journey to another city. In My

Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002), the extras

play a significant role in the main couple’s

relationship so their appearance can be

regarded as a prediction for the content of the

movie. The only case with means is The

Proposal (2009) with the ring. This object is

to depict the narrative action of the proposal

so its important role is undeniable. In

conclusion, circumstances only appear when

they have a great influence over the content

of the movie; otherwise, this element is

absent from the romantic comedy posters.

4.2. Interactive Meaning

The interactive meaning or the social

relations between the viewers and the

subject(s) being represented can be

examined from three aspects, including the

gaze, the size of frame and the vertical

camera angle.

The choice of gaze is illustrated in

Figure 6.

Figure 6

The Choice of Gaze in the Posters

5

4

3

2

3

offer

demand

1 offer 1 demand

1

0

1 participant

2 participants

As can be seen, the demand gaze

appears in most posters, which means there

is a certain kind of interaction between the

participants and the viewers. The characters

seem to tell the viewers about their stories.

In three posters with one offer and one

demand gaze, the participant looking

directly at the viewers tends to be the “story

teller” with a more prominent role in the

movie. There are only two cases with no eye

contact between the viewers and the

participants. In Crazy Rich Asians (2018),

the couple hug and look at each other’s eyes

and seem to live in their own happy world,

thus there is no interaction with viewers.

Meanwhile, the case of As Good as It Gets

(1997) may seek the explanation from the

personality of the male lead, who is an

obsessive-compulsive writer of romantic

fiction who's rude to everyone he meets.

Apart from these two exceptions, the posters

tend to choose demand gaze to create

interaction with viewers and based on the

choice of gaze for each character, viewers

may well predict the importance of each

participant in the movie.

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Figure 7

The Choice of Size of Frame in the Posters

The size of frame refers to the

depiction of the subject as close to or far

away from the viewers. Obviously, medium

shot and medium long shot are most

popularly used, which follows the

convention of advertisements. “The

advertised product is shown in full, but from

a fairly close range, and a steep angle, as if

the viewer stands just in front of the table on

which it is displayed” (Kress & van

Leeuwen, 2006, p. 128). Similarly, in movie

posters, these types of framing create the

familiar feeling in viewers. The characters

are depicted as ordinary people who are

standing just in front of the viewers. These

choices of frame are close enough for the

viewers to realize the participants’ emotions

from their facial expressions and body

language, but at the same time, far enough so

that the viewers’ feelings are not dominated

by the characters. In other words, viewers

are observers who follow the story of the

participants, but cannot interfere into the

plot, and vice versa, may not be influenced

by the story.

characters are represented as ordinary people

in everyday life. There is only one exception

of low camera angle in the case of Coming

to America (1988), which shows the image

of an extremely pampered African prince.

This choice of camera angle creates the

imposing and powerful image of the

protagonist to emphasize his privilege in

terms of wealth and social status.

4.3. Compositional Meaning

Compositional meaning is discussed

in three interrelated systems, namely

salience, framing and information value.

Salience refers to how certain

elements might be made prominent and have

the viewer’s attention drawn to them. It is

not surprising that the main characters stand

out in all posters. The noteworthy point is in

two-participant posters, the character with

demand gaze tends to receive more salience.

For example, in What Women Want (2002),

the man with demand gaze receives more

attention as his full face from frontal angle

takes more space. The woman with only a

part of the face, close eyes and from an

oblique point of view seems to be less

conspicuous in the poster, and also takes a

less prominent role in the movie. This

salience is supported by the linguistic

elements of the poster with two lines “He has

the power to hear everything women are

thinking” and “Finally… a man is listening”.

Regarding the vertical camera angle,

the popular choice is at eye level, in which

“the point of view is one of equality and

there is no power difference involved”

(Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006, p. 140). The

subjects are represented as equally powerful

to viewers, which supports the above-

mentioned findings in size of frame. The

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Among the linguistic words, the movie titles

are always the most prominent with the

biggest size and highlighted colors. The

comparison in terms of salience between the

titles and visual images is rather difficult and

subjective. In most cases, the element that

catches the viewers’ eyes at the first glance

is often the main characters thanks to the

vivid images and the big size compared to

the linguistic elements. However, when the

titles are designed in hot colors (i.e. red,

pink, or yellow on black background), and

extremely big font size, more salience may

be given to the titles, thus they may be a bit

more prominent than the images.

linguistic items, the movie titles appear from

the middle to lower part of the posters, with

5 and 7 samples respectively. This eye-

catching position makes the titles more

prominent but still gives the salience to the

visual images. There are only two cases with

titles in the upper part in My Big Fat Greek

Wedding (2002) and Runaway Bride (1999),

which can be explained by the Ideal-Real

pattern in the later part of Information value.

Pretty Woman (1990) is the only exception

in which the title is placed in parallel to the

participants. This choice gives more salience

to the title itself and the adjoining female

character that it represents.

The second system of framing is

about whether the elements are connected or

disconnected to each other. In movie posters,

there are two groups of components: the

image and the multimodal words. The

linguistic text in the poster is to provide the

releasing information of the movie and is

often designed with semiotic factors (e.g.

colour, size, font) to harmonize with other

visual images in the poster. Although the

words seem to spread all over the poster, the

placement of the linguistic text tends to

follow the convention. The names of leading

actors/actresses appear at the top center of

the poster while other details such as the

name of the director, the crew, the producer,

or the release date are often put at the bottom

of the frame. Among these elements, the

names of the leading actors/actresses and the

release date tend to receive more salience

with bigger font sizes and highlighted colors.

There are only two exceptions in the

samples. While in As Good as It Gets (1997),

the names of actors and actresses are moved

to the bottom, leaving the top position for the

tagline, Pretty Woman (1990) does not

provide any producing information apart

from the name of the movie, the actor/actress

and the tagline.

The taglines, appearing in 11 posters,

have the most flexible position among the

linguistic items. With a rather small font

size, the taglines can be found in different

zones of the posters. However, there is a

tendency that the taglines are put next to the

prominent elements, either be the movie

titles or the salient visual images.

Regarding the images, despite one or

two participants, the visual components are

often strongly framed to form one single

group. In multi-participant posters, the

characters often harmonize with each other

in terms of position, action, facial expression

and color. Interestingly, in some cases, for

example Crazy Rich Asians (2018) or What

Women Want (2002), when being put

together, the characters form the heart shape,

which may well predict their romantic

relationship. The only exception when the

couples are separated is Bringing Down the

House (2003), which helps to highlight the

gap between the two characters.

Lastly, information value is

concerned with the placement of different

elements that makes them related to each

other and to the viewers. There are three

ways of ordering different groups of

information: left and right, top and bottom,

and center and margin.

As the most prominent among the

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Figure 8

elements in There is Something About Mary

(1998) are arranged in a reversed order. The

names of the cast and the movie title are put

on the left-hand side. The line “There is

something about Mary” with the word Mary

being highlighted works as a secret, which

leads the viewers’ attention to the image of

Mary on the right. The discovery of Mary

would be the main content of the movie, thus

becoming The New of the poster.

Information Value in the Posters

The poster of My Big Fat Greek

Wedding (2002) is the only exception that

employs both horizontal and vertical

structures but not in a conventional way. The

left-right order is used but only to separate

the protagonists from the extras. One fourth

of the picture is left for the extras with

different background while the majority of

the space is for the main couple, which

symbolizes the couple’s winning over their

relatives’ influence. In vertical order, the

positions of the image and the title have been

exchanged. The title is moved to the top of

the poster, or the Ideal part, while the image

is put together with the movie’s producing

and releasing details, which belong to The

Real. This may indicate that this “Greek

wedding” is an ideal and romantic one.

As can be seen from the pie chart,

top-bottom order is most frequently used,

which is also the typical order of

advertisements and marketing-oriented

websites (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006). In

such texts, the upper part visualizes the

‘promise of the product’, or the Ideal;

meanwhile, the lower section informs the

viewers with factual or practical information

(e.g. how to obtain the product), or the Real.

The Ideal – Real pattern can also be applied

to posters with top-bottom order. The top

visualizes the story with the image and the

bottom provides ‘down to earth’ information

such as releasing and producing details.

The second choice of left-right is

similar to the order of information in

magazines. When readers open double-page

spreads, their attention tends to be kept by

the right page, which often provides the main

information of the article. Similar to

linguistic sentences with the Theme –

Rheme structure, in multimodal text, the left

is the side of the already known information

or the Given, and the right is key message or

the New (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006). The

Given – New structure can be found in three

posters but the information being put in each

zone is flexible. In Pretty Woman (1990) and

The Proposal (2009), the image of an

ordinary couple is treated as The Given, or

the starting point of the story. In these cases,

the movie title and its details on the right-

hand side become the key message to invite

the movie goers to discover the special

features of this relationship themselves. The

The last structure of center-margin is

found in only two posters with the same

pattern in which the two characters are

separated and the movie title and details are

put between them. This decision may

highlight a kind of “gap” in their relationship

and at the same time, gives more prominence

to the title of the movie.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, the framework adapted

from Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) has

been used to analyze 15 posters of high

grossing American romantic comedies. The

findings indicate that there are some

conventions in designing these posters

including the small number of participants

and their salience, the frequent absence of

VNU JOURNAL OF FOREIGN STUDIES, VOL. 37, NO. 3 (2021)

90

circumstances, the position and content of

linguistic words, the size of frame and

framing. In representational meaning, the

posters can be divided into relationship-

oriented and character-oriented ones.

Equivalent to these two types, viewers’

attention can be attracted by either the

couple’s romantic relationship as tradition or

the ambiguity of genre by focusing on the

adjustment of the framework to make it

easier to be put into practice.

The present study has, to some

extent, shown the importance of movie

genres in the choice of visual elements. As

the posters are strongly influenced by the

movie content, the application of Visual

Grammar into the analysis of posters in

different movie genres may result in

different findings. Therefore, further studies

may choose samples of different genres to

examine the relationship between genres and

multimodal construction.

characters’

features

or

personality.

Circumstances only appear when they have

a great influence over the content of the

movie. Regarding interactive meaning, the

contact is often maintained between the

participants and the viewers without power

being involved. Moreover, the role of the

characters in the movie can be predicted

from such hints as their gaze or salience. The

choice of size of frame is similar to other

genres in the area of advertisement and

promotion. Although there are several ways

to arrange the elements with different

purposes, the components of the posters tend

to be in good harmony and connection,

which creates a pleasant feeling in viewers

and is suitable for the content of romantic

comedies. It can be said that there are

common patterns in the choice of visual

elements to make meanings in these posters.

Any decision of not following the majority

can be explained by the content of the movie.

Thus, the analysis of the three meanings of

the posters may reveal some key information

of the movie, thus intrigue the viewers into

the story of the characters.

Source of Posters

Sollosi, M. (2019, April 26). The 15 highest-grossing

rom-coms of all time. Entertainment weekly.

Retrieved March 09, 2020, from

https://ew.com/gallery/highest-grossing-

rom-coms/

References

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Dergisi,

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Bell, P., & Milic, M. (2002). Goffman’s gender