Giải pháp phát triển dịch vụ logistics cho ngành nông nghiệp Việt Nam trong thời kỳ hội nhập
Kỷ yếu Hội thảo quốc tế “Thương mại và phân phối” lần 2 năm 2020
SOLUTIONS FOR DEVELOPING LOGISTICS SERVICES IN AGRICULTURE
IN VIETNAM PERIOD OF INTEGRATION
GIẢI PHÁP PHÁT TRIỂN DỊCH VỤ LOGISTICS CHO NGÀNH NÔNG NGHIỆP VIỆT NAM
TRONG THỜI KỲ HỘI NHẬP
Tran Quoc Viet – Sai Gon University
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Over the past years, Vietnam's agricultural sector has achieved certain achievements in order to make
agriculture increasingly assertive in the international arena during the integration period. However, the
development of agriculture is still limited, many problems exist in agricultural logistics. The World Bank's
report (WB, 2018) shows that logistics costs for agricultural development in Vietnam are 6% higher than in
Thailand, 12% in Malaysia and up to 300% higher than Singapore due to many inadequacies in the process.
transport, storage. Therefore, it is necessary to study the situation and propose some solutions to enhance the
development of logistics in agriculture in Vietnam.
Keyword: Logistics in agriculture, integration, development solutions
Tóm tắt
Trong những năm qua ngành nông nghiệp Việt Nam đã đạt được nhiều thành tựu nhất định đưa nền
nông nghiệp ngày càng khẳng trên trường quốc tế trong thời kì hội nhập. Tuy nhiên sự phát triển nông nghiệp
vẫn còn nhiều hạn chế, trong đó có nhiều vấn đề tồn tại trong logistics nông nghiệp. Báo cáo của Ngân hàng
Thế giới (WB, 2018) cho thấy chi phí logistics phục vụ phát triển nông nghiệp ở Việt Nam cao hơn Thái Lan
6%, Malaysia 12% và cao hơn Singapore tới 300% do có nhiều bất cập trong khâu vận tải, lưu kho. Vì thế,
nghiên cứu thực trạng và đưa ra một số giải pháp để tăng cường phát triển logistics trong nông nghiệp ở Việt
Nam là rất cần thiết.
Từ khóa: logistics trong nông nghiệp, hội nhập, giải pháp phát triển
1. Introduction
In Vietnam, the agricultural sector creates jobs and income for about 70% of the population;
about 15% of GDP and 30% of export value. Agricultural products are one of Vietnam's important
export sectors, contributing positively to the country's overall export turnover. In the period of 2010-
2018, the value of Vietnam's agricultural products export has an average growth rate of 12.7% / year.
If in 2010, Vietnam had 19 export markets reaching more than US $ 1 billion, by 2018, it would have
reached more than 30 markets. However, Vietnam's agricultural products have to bear a series of
logistics costs, making competitiveness difficult in the market. This is a big bottleneck that needs to be
overcome for the positive development of Vietnam's agricultural supply chain, contributing to the
overall development of our country's agricultural sector. Therefore, developing logistics services with
agricultural value chains from raw materials to consumer markets, optimizing transport costs,
transportation, temperature preservation in accordance with international standards will help
businesses. Agribusinesses and agriculture in Vietnam have a greater competitive position in the
market when product quality is guaranteed and the product price is reasonable and can compete with
other countries in the integration process.
2. Literature review, theoretical framework and methods
2.1. Literature review
Every country or business has to carry out logistics activities in many different forms. In the
world and in the country, there have been many scientific studies on logistics, but studying the impact
of logistics on business performance in general and agricultural business, in particular, is quite limited.
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- The model at Ohio State University shows the relationship between supply chain
characteristics, logistics and production strategy, business performance of enterprises through four
components in the model: quality, distribution, flexible factors and logistics service prices; The
components of business performance, including ROI, ROA, ROS, ROI Growth, ROA Growth and
ROS Growth.
- Kent Goudrin author (2006) in his work "Global logistics management - A competitive
advantage in the 21st century" refers to the market segments of logistics and the characteristics of each
market segment, devise appropriate methods to manage logistics activities well, thereby improving the
business management efficiency of businesses thanks to the control of supply chain operations to save
time serving customers. optimally, thereby satisfying customers needs. In Vietnam, there have been a
number of research works related to logistics and its role in business performance.
- Authors Nguyen Quoc Luat and Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc (2013) have focused on analyzing the
potential of the logistics market recently in our country, considering logistics as a sharp tool in creating
competitive advantages of the business; However, logistics activities are still being overlooked, so
businesses do not have good preparation of human, financial and material resources to optimally
exploit these activities in the enterprises, causing business costs of Enterprises, especially for
production enterprises, are pushed up too high, directly affecting the business performance of the
enterprises.
- Dang Dinh Dao (2009) "Solutions to develop logistics services of production and business
enterprises in Hanoi City" studied quite detailed information about logistics services of businesses,
which are mainly outbound logistics and incoming logistics services to boost production and business
activities, improve efficiency for businesses.
Regarding the study of logistics activities in agriculture in our country is still limited, only
seminars are organized by the Institute of Strategy - Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development to
give some solutions to solve the export situation export of agricultural products in Vietnam.
2.2. Theoretical framework
2.2.1. The concept of logistics services
There are many different logistics concepts in the world and are based on the industry and
purpose of the study on logistics services, however, some key concepts can be mentioned:
According to the United Nations (International training course on multimodal transport and
logistics management, Foreign Trade University, October 2002): Logistics is the management of the
process of transferring raw materials through the stages of storage, produce products to consumers
according to customer requirements.
According to The US Logistics Management Committee: Logistics is the process of planning,
selecting the optimal plan to carry out the management, control movement and storage effectively and
costly and shortest in time for raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products, as well as
the corresponding information from the pre-production stage until the goods reach the final consumer
to meet customer requirements.
Logistics is the name of logistics service in the beginning of this phrase that appeared in
Vietnam. Currently, even in Vietnam, most experts agree that using the word "logistics" to explain
logistics is still not fully aware of the meaning of modern logistics and so the solution is to just leave
the logistics word in our country language, as well as marketing and containers.
According to the Vietnam Trade Law 2005 (Article 233): Logistics services are commercial
activities whereby traders organize one or more stages including receiving goods, transportation,
warehousing, warehousing, and making customs procedures, other paperwork, customer advice,
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Kỷ yếu Hội thảo quốc tế “Thương mại và phân phối” lần 2 năm 2020
packaging, marking code, delivery or other services related to goods as agreed with customers to
receive remuneration.
Thus, Logistics can be defined as an optimization process of time and cost in the movement of
goods or information related to input (material and fuel) and output (final production) from the starting
point to the point of sale to meet the needs of the customer; in simple terms, the service is to deliver,
receive and store goods.
2.2.2. Activities of logistics
Activities of basic logistics include: Receiving goods, transportation, warehousing,
warehousing, customs clearance, other paperwork, customer advice, delivery or other services related
to goods under agreement with customers.
2.2.3. Logistics services
Logistics services include Transport services; technical inspection and analysis services, postal
services, wholesale trade services, retail trade services, including warehousing, collection, aggregating
and sorting activities, redistribution and delivery, and several other transportation support services.
2.3. Research methods
To complete the paper, the author uses the following main research methods:
- Statistical method: The statistical documents to ensure the legal value is fully exploited for
research. Data is collected, aggregated, processed on the basis of data and statistical results of the
General Statistics Office, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development to clarify the status of
logistics development in agriculture in Vietnam integration era.
- Methods of analysis, comparison and synthesis: During the course of research, the author has
analyzed, compared and synthesized the status of logistics development in production and distribution
of agricultural products in our country, since then propose solutions to develop logistics in agriculture
in the study area.
- Forecasting method: based on analyzing the series of statistics to see the development rules of
logistics industry in general and logistics in agriculture in particular in the future. Since then, offering
solutions to develop logistics in agricultural production in Vietnam.
3. Results
3.1. Situation of logistics development in agriculture in Vietnam during the integration period
3.1.1. Achievements of logistics development in agriculture in Vietnam
Over the past years, thanks to the promotion of international economic integration and active
participation in bilateral and Multilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), Vietnam has experienced
impressive growth in exports. Specifically, the total value of Vietnam's agricultural, forestry and
fishery exports in 2018 reached over US $ 40 billion, an increase of 15.3 times compared to 1995.
Since joining the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the export growth rate averages
12.6% / year. Vietnam's agricultural exports are ranked 15th in the world, second in Southeast Asia.
Vietnamese agricultural products have been exported to more than 180 countries and territories around
the world. Some agricultural, forestry and fishery products of Vietnam have a very high proportion of
export value and position in the world, such as pepper, cashew, shrimp, pangasius, coffee, wooden
furniture, rice.
However, we are exporting raw products, so the ranking of export value is very low, we do not
specify the type of quality, 80% of agricultural products have not been branded, do not have logos,
label. The rate of losses in production and post-harvest is still high, both in terms of quantity and
quality, high transaction costs, reduced value-added and affecting the reputation of Vietnam's
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agricultural exports. Enterprises purchasing, transporting and processing agricultural products lack
equipment, facilities to operate the supply chain effectively, causing high losses in quantity and quality
of agricultural products. Warehouse system and supply chain of cold storage is limited, not yet
operated effectively. It can be seen that the logistics system plays a very important role, especially for
agriculture, where most farmers have difficulty accessing activities outside their production facilities,
especially in the international market.
According to the World Bank's (WB) Report on Logistics Performance Index (LPI) in 2018,
Vietnam ranked 39/160 countries and territories, up 25 places compared to 2016 and rose to third in
ASEAN countries. Vietnam is also the country with the top LPI ranking in emerging markets. This is
the best result that Vietnam has had since the World Bank implemented the LPI ranking in 2017.
According to the Vietnam Logistics Report 2018, the logistics service industry continues to grow
compared to previous years with a growth rate of about 12% - 14% due to the economic growth in
general and import and export in particular; especially the development of logistics services in Vietnam.
3.1.2. Restrictions on logistics development in agriculture in Vietnam during the integration period
Although Vietnam's agricultural exports are ranked 15th in the world, 2nd in Southeast Asia
and exported to more than 180 countries and territories. However, Vietnamese agricultural products
are currently suffering from a series of logistics costs, making the competitiveness difficult in the
market. The logistics system is still limited, failing to meet the needs of developing modern
agriculture. Some of the main limitations include:
Logistics costs are still high and businesses (most of them are small and medium-sized
enterprises) are not eligible to rent logistics packages. Logistics costs account for 12% of the cost of
fishery products, 23% of wood products, 29% of vegetables and 30% of rice. Logistics costs for
agricultural development in Vietnam are 6% higher than Thailand, 12% higher than Malaysia and 300%
higher than Singapore. Low-cost logistics services are accompanied by a lack of quality control standards
for food hygiene and safety (Food Safety), so there is often a high loss due to spoilage and infection.
Logistics supply chain is characterized by many transport buyers and small processing
facilities. Domestic logistics enterprises (3,000) are mostly small and medium-sized businesses, mainly
acting as agents or undertaking each stage of the logistics service chain for international logistics
service providers. Meanwhile, there are more than 80 foreign enterprises providing logistics services in
Vietnam, including 20 leading logistics firms in the world such as APL, MitSui, Maert Logistics, NYK
Logistics, Logitem, Mol Vietnam, ... holds a 70% - 80% market share and self-charges different fees.
Due to the small scale, domestic enterprises have difficulty in investing in modern equipment and
facilities to support the growing logistics activities, especially the road transport system. The linkage
between agricultural enterprises and logistics enterprises is not close, transactions between the two
parties are mainly in the form of seasonal contracts without long-term cooperation and cooperation to
support each other to improve the quality products, services and lower prices.
In agricultural production in Vietnam, the level of mechanization in agriculture is still low,
transport and storage capacity is limited, so the rate of agricultural losses in the production, harvesting,
storage and packaging stages, shipping is still high. The average loss rate in agriculture is about 25% -
30%. In particular, the loss rate of the fisheries sector: 35%; vegetables and fruits can be up to 45%.
Enterprises purchasing, transporting and processing agricultural products lack facilities to operate cold
supply chains effectively, causing losses in both quantity and quality of agricultural products.
Warehouse system and cold supply chain are limited and not yet operated effectively. According to the
statistics of StockPlus Consulting Company, the total area of distribution centres in Vietnam is about 3
million m2, including 155 bonded warehouses. Regarding the cold storage system, the total capacity is
about 450,000 shelves (pallets). More than 70% of the warehouse area is located in the South. The cold
supply chain for the domestic market, the system of supermarket restaurants in the country is limited.
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The enterprises in the cold supply chain are mostly small-scale domestic enterprises (accounting for
48%), so the chain operation is not transparent.
Figure 1. Logistics costs in the total cost of products (%)
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam, 2018
Vietnam's logistics centres are still scattered and spontaneously developed based on the needs
of some customer groups, not connected. New logistics system has not been established and developed
much. In 2018, the country has 50 logistics centres (including 8 grade I logistics centres, 38 provincial
logistics centres, 1 unclassified logistics centre). Logistics centres operating in Vietnam have been
newly developed since 2008, concentrated in some industrial parks. The scale of logistics centres is
generally small (less than 10 hectares), and regional centres of scale have not been developed.
Currently, there are 2 regional logistics centres under construction in Bac Giang city and Vung Ang
port economic zone (Ha Tinh).
With domestic privately-owned centres, infrastructure is invested in small scale, equipped with
rudimentary techniques, and there are no technological solutions to support the operation. Logistics
centres have not been linked together based on analyzing the needs of the whole market as well as the
advantages of each logistics centre and decentralizing activities. In addition, domestic manufacturing
and logistics services enterprises have not yet exploited the potential of existing logistics centres due to
lack of awareness of the role of logistics centres and insufficient supply capacity providing logistics
package solutions, so the current logistics centres are mainly exploited by foreign logistics service
providers.
Trade infrastructure for agricultural supply has been changing but has not met the demand for
agricultural products at home and abroad. Modern forms of retail such as supermarkets and
commercial centres have grown rapidly, focusing mainly on urban areas and attracting investment.
3.1.3. Causes of restrictions on the development of logistics in agriculture in Vietnam during the
integration period
- The first reason for the high logistics costs in our agriculture is high freight rates, plus an
imbalance between the types of road transport and waterway and aviation. Currently, most agricultural
products are transported by road while the road cost is 20% higher than the waterway.
- The connection between producers and processing facilities, with the market, is still mostly
due to traders, or fragmented transport units, lack of modern logistics centres.
- The lack of cold supply chains in transporting, storing and distributing makes the rate of loss
and damage of agricultural products in our country is quite high, over 25%, especially with fresh fruits,
up to 45%, This not only makes the quality of agricultural products go down but also leads to
increased logistics costs.
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- Transport infrastructure has not met the needs of transporting goods, is still patchy and
outdated, has not identified the national gateway system (gateway), there is an imbalance between
railway types, road, waterway and aviation in Vietnam's unique conditions. The transport of goods
depends heavily on road transport services, on the one hand, putting pressure on the road infrastructure
system, bridges and bridges; On the other hand, there are many road costs that can cause road transport
costs to compete with other types. In addition, the lack of synchronous investment among transport
modes, the connection system between roads and waterways, railways, and airways is not good,
making these types of transportation not only not reach their full potential energy, but also contribute
to increase commodity prices.
3.3. Solutions for developing logistics in agriculture in Vietnam during the integration period
In order to develop the logistics system serving Vietnam's agricultural value chain in the
integration period, it is necessary to synchronously implement the following solutions:
Transport infrastructure solutions: It is necessary to upgrade the transport system
comprehensively in the direction of ensuring multimodal transport corridors by waterway, air, railway
and road, including infrastructure and vehicle.
Solutions to develop warehouse services: It is necessary to synchronously invest in
infrastructure of regular warehouses, cold storages, bonded warehouses, truck and container terminals,
cargo terminals with means of loading and unloading, management software systems, including for e-
commerce goods in the South and the North.
Solutions on information technology application: needing synchronous investment from cross-
border e-commerce platform to applications for transport, forwarding, warehousing, raw material area
management, logistics centres load, distribution system, entire supply chain management, automation
and artificial intelligence applications.
Solutions on developing human resources: It is necessary to invest in developing the skills of
modern logistics supply chain management at all levels from leadership - management, to executive
management, professional techniques for agencies, businesses, labour force, and students.
Solution for developing agricultural supply system: It is necessary to build a modern
agricultural supply centre system with specific models of scale, functions, meeting domestic and
national standards. International. Modern models of agricultural supply centres will link together,
serving production linkage with distribution and consumption of agricultural products in the domestic
market and for export, quality assurance and safety. food, contributing to the development of
agricultural production, trade and development services. Modern agricultural product supply centres
will include 1- Modern provincial / city agricultural product supply centres located in big cities; 2.
Agricultural product collection centres are located in key production areas; 3. Border agricultural
export centres located in border provinces with important border gates to China, Laos and Cambodia;
4. The network of food hygiene and safety markets in communes complies with the planning, practical
conditions, and socio-economic development demands of each locality.
Solutions for modern agricultural supply systems should be implemented on the principle of
digital supply network, multi-channel market access, its logistics activities must be implemented on the
cross-border e-commerce platform. gender. The platform will interact with many other platforms, such as
cross-border e-commerce platforms, agricultural and fishery information portals, transport services,
delivery, financial and banking, and insurance platforms... It allows hundreds of thousands of provider
access to tens of millions of customer accounts. More importantly, along with this platform is the network
of logistics centres with all three types (in material areas, in consumer markets (wholesale markets) and
import and export centres). It forms the Online-to-Offline supply system - a modern trend today.
4. Conclusions
Developing logistics services in agriculture will help Vietnamese agricultural products to
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Kỷ yếu Hội thảo quốc tế “Thương mại và phân phối” lần 2 năm 2020
enhance their value. Although playing an important role in the country's economic development,
Vietnam's agricultural logistics is still underdeveloped. Among them are the basic elements that the
warehouse system, processing facilities for agricultural products are lacking, small scale; logistics
enterprises are small, not interested in agriculture; logistics staff is inexperienced and knowledgeable
about agricultural characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to synchronize solutions on transport
infrastructure, warehousing, human resources, logistics supply chain management, etc… to improve
the efficiency of agricultural production in Vietnam.
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