Social Equity in Current Context of ScientificTechnological Revolution in Vietnam
Social Equity in Current Context of Scientific-
Technological Revolution in Vietnam
Luong Dinh Hai1
1 Institute of Human Studies, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences.
Email: [email protected]
Received on 6 March 2019.
Revised on 6 May 2019.
Accepted on 14 June 2019.
Abstract: Vietnam has made great achievements in implementing social equity. However, the level
of social equity in the country is still not yet as expected, while the rich-poor gap keeps widening.
In the next ten years, when the achievements of the scientific-technical revolution as well as the
scientific-technological revolution, Industrial Revolution 3.0 and Industrial Revolution 4.0 are
brought to Vietnam more and more, their impacts on Vietnam will be stronger. On the one hand,
they contribute to ensuring social equity on a more solid, broader and deeper foundation. On the
other hand, social equity on the vertical dimension is accelerated by the scientific-technological
revolution creating a more reasonable rich-poor gap. However, in order to achieve that, it is
necessary to promote the maximised and effective use of the achievements of the scientific-
technological revolution to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. To properly take
advantage of the scientific-technological revolution for humanitarian goals and social progress has
become an urgent task and requirement of the modern society.
Keywords: Social equity, scientific-technological revolution, industrial revolution, rich-poor
differentiation.
Subject classification: Philosophy
1. Introduction
international community. Equity and
democracy in the societal history have a close
relationship. However, that relationship is
similar to many other social relations, and it
is impossible to describe or shape them in
terms of mathematical formulae or
functions that are proportional or inversely
proportional. Such relationship is complex,
diverse, multidimensional and contains
Equity and democracy are the aspirations of
every society, every nation that has social
polarisation, or oppression or exploitation.
Both of them are the measures for social
progress, the common values of humanity,
the target of modern societies. At the same
time, they are the strong driving force of
development of countries, nations and the various contents depending on objective
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Luong Dinh Hai
conditions. In each country, in each
historical period, the relationship has its
own specific characteristics different from
other periods and other countries.
“In an hour, the richest person in
Vietnam gains the income from assets
nearly 5,000 times more than the income
that the poorest 10% of Vietnamese spends
daily on essential needs. The one-year
income of 210 super-rich people in Vietnam
is enough to bring 3.2 million people out of
poverty to end extreme poverty across the
country” [6], [7], [8]. "Vietnam is among
the ten countries in the world with the rich-
poor gap and the number of super rich
people increasing the fastest. While
property is increasingly accumulated among
very few people in the society, the rate of
income transfer of the poorest group to
higher income groups is slowing down. The
rich-poor gap is widening.” [10].
One of the manifestations of the level of
social equity is the rich-poor differentiation
and social polarisation. Therefore, one of
the ways to implement social equity is to
regulate the real income of social entities
so that equity becomes the most powerful
and inclusive human and social
development motivation. In Vietnam,
social equity in the past decades has been
implemented with many new contents in
both theory and practice [5]. Regulating
income by State policies is one of the main
and common ways to implement social
equity in Vietnam. The State adopts
various types of policies to regulate
income such as economic policies, taxes,
social policies, policies on health insurance
or education, etc. However, in reality,
social equity is still not as desired and its
implementation still faces with many
difficulties. Poverty alleviation and income
adjustment by different policies in the past
few decades are really one of the great
efforts, with significant achievements
already recognised by many organisations
and countries in the world. But, various
2. Causes of the rich-poor differentiation
Reasonable and legitimate rich-poor
differentiation in the market economy and
in societal history in general is the driving
force of human and social development;
however, the polarisation in general is a
barrier to human and social development.
Rich-poor differentiation and social
polarisation are primarily due to income
disparities. From the perspective of the
recent statistics and surveys show that relationship between personal income and
income disparities are widening, and the institutional framework, which, in the
rich-poor differentiation in society is no narrow sense, is laws, rules, regulations and
longer ordinary as appearing are signs of policies of the State, the management
social polarisation. In this article, we only apparatus and their operation mechanism, in
mention the rich-poor differentiation from Vietnam today the rich-poor differentiation
is due to four sources:
an economic income perspective. The
differentiation has many other aspects, but,
among them, that of economic income is a
very fundamental one.
First, the differentiation is from
legitimate, reasonable and lawful income in
institutional term, that is the income from
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Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 1 (195) - 2020
talent, labour, other sources of income that newly built, but just the repairs of old
are legal and suitable with the strongest roads were made. People having this
capacities, competence and specific socio- source of income are often afraid of being
economic conditions of each individual and discovered and blamed for, so they often
community. The differentiation generated
by such income sources is also legal and
reasonable. The differentiation of this origin
is the driving force for human and social
development that should be strengthened
and encouraged.
find ways to rationalise or hide in different
ways. The existence of this source of
income is often due to the fact that the
institutional framework is slow to be
reformed to suit reality, or it reflects
incorrectly the economic and social
relations that need to be encouraged to
develop. If the income this type is allowed
to be long-lived or popular in the society,
the consequences will be very unpredictable,
because it does not encourage reasonable
labour and income. Then legitimate
interests and social norms will not be
strictly followed and self-disciplined; the
Secondly, the differentiation is from
reasonable, but illegal income. These are
proper incomes in line with the rules of in a
positive and progressive direction. The
elimination of the illegal source of such
income is the task of the government,
because it has created an institutional
framework that is inconsistent with the
human and social development. Regulations,
laws and policies should be adjusted so that
such income sources become legal and
reasonable. In the context that the
scientific-technological revolution is rising
rapidly and exerting stronger impacts on
production, people and society, the regular
improvement of the institutional framework
in this direction is an urgent requirement
and a frequent and important task of the
authorities at all levels. The nature and the
extent of the government's effectiveness is
clearly reflected there, therefore, it can be
considered one of the criteria to evaluate
institutional
framework
become
environments and tools to facilitate and
encourage unreasonable and illegitimate
income; people lose faith in laws, policies,
the State’s governance and management,
social values, especially the value of
fairness; the society will suffer crisis in the
non-material life, being, first of all, the
crisis in the political consciousness, and
instability sooner or later will occur.
Therefore, the rich-poor differentiation due
to unreasonable but legal sources of
income is very harmful to the human and
social development. The regular task of the
State is to promptly discover the sources to
the effectiveness and the extent of being correct the institutional framework to suit
the reality so as not to cause a negative
social differentiation.
"tectonic", i.e. facilitating and constructive,
of the government, rather than relying
merely on the GDP growth to assess it.
Fourthly, the social differentiation
stemming from unreasonable and illegal
sources of income is the most harmful.
Income from corruption is one of those
kinds of unreasonable and illegal income.
Thirdly,
the
differentiation
is
unreasonable, but legal sources of income,
for example, from BOT (Build-Operate-
Transfer) toll gates where roads are not
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Luong Dinh Hai
When more and more people in society dong in Can Tho province, which were
have unreasonable and illegal income, and covered by the mass media recently [15],
the situation persists, the social values are [16], [17], [18], exploration, creativity
inevitably turned upside down, and, sooner and innovation in business methods will
or later, instabilities will appear, accumulate, not be encouraged. Such ways of handling
converge and then trigger social conflicts. will even squeeze talents, initiatives, and
The rich-poor differentiation due to ideas towards new ways and new
unreasonable and illegal income sources is directions. The phenomenon of xé rào
one of the causes and sources of the rich-poor (breaking the hurdle) is the most focused
polarisation in society. The differentiation and clear reflection of the situation that
in such way is the typical injustice and the institutions consider legitimate and
serious violation of social justice. Of reasonable activities and incomes of
course, such differentiation will inhibit the people and communities illegal, which
development of production forces of the causes the people and society "to break
humankind and society. Removing as the institutional hurdle”. It was reasonable
quickly as possible those sources of illegal to perform “khoán”, or make use of
and unreasonable income is an extremely contracts, in agricultural production in
important task of the State to ensure social Vinh Phuc province and some other
equity and that is a condition for sustainable localities in the late 1970s to help
development of people and society. The generate more income for the local
existence of these sources of income farmers, but it was considered illegal by
represents inefficiencies, or impotence of the institutional framework. On the other
institutions, primarily the State.
hand, the unreasonable sources of income
are, however, recognised by law as legal,
which is also causing dissent in the public
opinion. The "backwardness" of the
institutional framework is a reality
existing in many fields, industries and
professions at different levels, causing
considerable obstacles to the implementation
of social equity.
In fact, in Vietnam today, all the four
above-mentioned sources of income exist,
and, even, sometimes, in many places, the
second, third and fourth types are
predominant over the first one. And the
emergence of the fourth has even caused
social annoyance and seriously reduced
people's confidence in the State. The rich-
poor differentiation caused by the second
The rich-poor differentiation based on
and third sources of income is also a legitimate and reasonable income, though
significant obstacle to the development of it may not be legal at the beginning (for
Vietnamese people and society. If example, the incomes from “khoán”, the
reasonable income is considered illegal by "third plan" in industry at the end of the
the institutions, like in the case of a café 1970s, which, due to being illegal, were
named "Xin chào" (i.e. “Hello”) in Ho termed as the phenomenon of "breaking
Chi Minh City [12], [13], [14], or the case the hurdle", etc.), of course will be the
of exchanging USD 100 to Vietnamese driving force for the human and social
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Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 1 (195) - 2020
development and ensure that social equity development of that revolution. Studying
is to be realised in a sustainable way. It is the impacts of the revolution, we conceive
also the foundation for a stable, developed, that such revolution from the 2nd World
and united society with consensus. War to the late 1970s and early 1980s was
However, in practice, the above four types the theoretical foundation for Industrial
of income always go together, with Revolution 3.0 with great achievements and
interactions among them, though their unprecedented significant impacts on
degrees of significance are different from
one another in different periods and social
conditions. If one wishes for and only sees
one type of rich-poor differentiation,
which is reasonable and legitimate, that
will not be a multifaceted view, and the
social governance and management will be
subjective and wrongful.
human and social development on a global
scale. The scientific-technological revolution
that has been taking place since the 1980s
to now has created the theoretical
foundation for Industrial Revolution 4.0,
which has just begun, and is being
mentioned a lot in Germany and Vietnam.
At the same time, the revolution is also
continuing to boost and spread Industrial
Revolution 3.0 to all over the world.
3. The trend of rich-poor differentiation
in Vietnam in the future
In the history, Vietnam was not able to
carry out any scientific, technical and
technological revolutions among those the
world has made. Even, as regard to the
three industrial revolutions, Vietnam could
not participate in them due to its historical
conditions and many other factors. The
survey conducted by the National Research
Project KX 01.11/16-20 in nine provinces
of Vietnam’s all three regions, namely the
North, Central region, and the South2,
shows that the levels of production and
industrial forces in regions, locations,
industries and fields quite vary3. There are
still places and regions where production is
in the pre-industrial stage, and many other
places which are at Industrial Revolution
2.0 stage. Only enterprises in industrial
zones, big cities, some industries and
sectors have already reached the level of
Industrial Revolution 3.0, but merely at its
early stage. However, the achievements of
the scientific-technological and industrial
In reality, the rich-poor differentiation and
social equity performance depend on many
different factors. In the next ten years, in
our opinion, the more the market economy
develops and the more strongly the
scientific-technological revolution and
Industrial Revolutions 3.0 and 4.0 develop,
bringing more and more achievements to
Vietnam, the more the opportunities and
conditions for the rich-poor gap to expand.
Meanwhile, it will be difficult for social
institutions to make sufficiently strong
changes to curb the increase in the rich-poor
differentiation; consequently, narrowing the
rich-poor gap that has existed over the last
two decades will also be harder.
Today is the era of the scientific-
technological revolution, in other words,
one of the great characteristics of the
current historical period is the enormous
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Luong Dinh Hai
especially social sciences, has strong
impacts on the awareness of people and
society of social equity, creating ideals,
methods and solutions to implement it on a
reasonable foundation and making it fit
with each development stage of production.
The concept of equity has been changed
towards a more progressive, comprehensive,
complete, inclusive and profound direction,
as analysed in a seminar [5].
revolutions are approaching Vietnam in
very fast paces.
In fact, the achievements of both the
scientific-technical and scientific-technological
revolutions are greatly affecting Vietnam.
But, as seen from the industrial angle,
Industrial Revolution 2.0 - the foundation
of electromagnetic technologies, and
Industrial Revolution 3.0 - the foundation of
electronic technologies, are the foundation of
Vietnam’s industry today. We would like to
emphasise this to note that there are a
number of misconceptions about Industrial
Revolution 4.0 and Industrial Revolution
3.0 when it comes to their impacts on
Vietnam. There is currently not yet Industry
4.0 in the country because its technological
base is artificial intelligence that has not yet
appeared in Vietnam’s industry as a popular
technological platform. Considering the
impacts of the scientific-technological
revolution on social equity, one needs to
pay attention to this important feature of the
modern Vietnamese society, to avoid
subjective illusions, basing merely on one’s
will, trying to bypass necessary stages,
which can lead to serious mistakes with
unpredictable consequences.
But the important thing is that when the
achievements of the industrial revolution
approach Vietnam, turning the Vietnamese
economy
into
an
increasingly
industrialised one, making its level higher
and higher, there will be increasingly open
and diversified opportunities to implement
equity, and, as a result, more people will
be able to achieve. That is because, on the
one hand, science, technology and industry
create various jobs and opportunities for
workers to generate their incomes, which
is a requirement to achieve equity. The
pre-industrialisation society before could
not have the conditions to carry out broad
and complete equity, so it was forced to
implement
equity
by
means
of
egalitarianism. On the other hand, industry
creates opportunities and conditions to free
people from direct labour functions, such
as motivation, transport, technology, and
supervision, so differences in physical
strength are less likely to affect the volume
of products made, more sources of
reasonable and legitimate income are
created, and so are the opportunities to
have them.
The development of the scientific -
technological revolution and industrial
revolutions (both 2.0 and 3.0) in Vietnam
now contributes positively to ensuring
social equity on a much more solid,
broadened and profound foundation than
the social equity that is based on agriculture
or production yet to be industrialised.
Technology and industry are both products
of science; and, when taken into production
and society, technology will change the
Along with the development of science,
people and society in the direction of technology and industry since the end of
the 20th century till now, the number of
progress and development. Science,
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Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 1 (195) - 2020
jobs has increased rapidly, and the contents at higher but more vital levels
opportunity to access income has not
decreased, but increased more and more
instead. That is most evident in the fact
that the number of workers has increased
continuously and strongly, the number of
careers has not decreased but still
continuously increased, although some
traditional industries have been removed.
The development process of the industry has
removed some sectors and at the same time
created many new industries which are one
of the important characteristics of the
scientific-technical and scientific-technological
revolutions and of industrialisation. That has
created an opportunity for different human
capacities to be utilised and thus the people
can gain legitimate and reasonable incomes.
such as equity in education, healthcare,
and environment, etc.
If previously, in the pre-industrialised
societies, the saying "not to be afraid of
shortage, but to be afraid of unfairness" was
absolutely correct, then in the era of
scientific-technological
and
industrial
revolutions today, it is not any more.
Correct is now the phrase "sufficiency does
not always mean fairness, while shortage
never does". This means that, under the
impacts of the scientific-technological and
industrial revolutions, horizontal equity
(equal treatment for those who contribute
equally) is like a condition being firmly
assured, as the type of equity that has the
character of the human race, being
universally humane. Vertical equity, i.e.
treating differently those who are different
The means of science-technology and
the industrial revolution create devices and
tools that can correctly identify and from the common groups or live in different
monitor the quality of products and labour conditions, means that people with higher
abilities, working better, and making more
contributions are entitled to more benefits
which belong to the upper layer of social
equity, bears special significance in the era
of scientific-technological and industrial
revolutions. It is the vertical implementation
of equity that really drives the human and
social development.
productivity of each individual and each
community. This means that each person's
labour can be objectively evaluated, more
accurately and more reasonably. That is
the condition and premise to implement
social equity in a reasonably grounded
way. In addition, science, technology and
industry have helped increase labour
productivity and production capacity of the
economy, creating more and more
products. More wealth is generated, and
the basic needs of people and society are
guaranteed to be the most important
prerequisites for human and social
development. Satisfying the basic needs of
individuals and society is itself equality,
humanity and progress of the human race.
On that equal foundation, the modern
society may provide other social equitable
The scientific-technological and industrial
revolutions contribute to extending the
reach of the hands and the vision of the
eyes of each person and each social
community, helping them to continuously
boost their capacities in all aspects as well
as their labour productivity. In addition to
the aspect of social differentiation due to
ownership differentiation that creates social
classes, differentiation due to increasing
capacity and labour productivity is an
70
Luong Dinh Hai
important cause of social polarisation,
despite the fact that this polarisation is
reasonable and legitimate. In the early stage
of industrialisation, most countries expressed
an attitude of accepting and promoting rich-
poor polarisation towards a vertical equity
to promote rapid development of their
people and societies. The differentiation
here is due to fairness and therefore very
reasonable and legitimate. It motivates
people to be more active and utilise
rationally all of their capacities and enhance
their labour productivity and efficiency,
developing the economy and generating
more wealth. Social progress is as a result
maintained regularly.
and those by the industrial one are not the
same. Therefore, it is essential to promote
and expand the opportunity for maximum
use of the achievements of the two
revolutions. We should not be afraid of the
rich-poor differentiation due to vertical
equity under the impacts of the revolutions.
The paradox of vertical social equity in the
revolutions will create such a differentiation
and social polarisation that is a reality
which is tough to solve. But it is
unadvisable to base on that to constrain the
development of the scientific-technological
and industrial revolutions.
In Vietnam today, that paradox has not
yet caused any consequences on the social
development; on the contrary, it is the rich-
poor differentiation due to other irrational
sources of income that causes great harm to
the human and social development.
Therefore, in our opinion, the State should
further encourage and accept the rich-poor
differentiation due to vertical equity under
the impacts of the scientific-technological
and industrial revolutions to promote people
and society to grow stronger and faster.
While vertical social equity is
accelerated by the scientific-technological
and industrial revolutions, creating a
reasonable rich-poor diversification that is
growing day by day, can this lead to social
polarisation? That is a big question, which
we have not found a valid answer in
research documents. Certainly, in principle,
the differentiation taking place over a long
period of time will inevitably lead to
polarisation. Logically, that is unavoidable.
But in reality, it is not really the case, as the
opportunity to increase income generated
On the other aspect, the scientific-
technological and industrial revolutions
often promote the horizontal equity level.
They create more products to satisfy needs
of living and improve the society’s basic
living standards. In other words, the
achievements of the two revolutions
always raise the people’s average, and
also, minimum, living standards. It also
means that the scientific-technological and
the industrial revolutions further horizontal
social equity to be broader, more inclusive
and at higher and higher levels. Horizontal
equity, therefore, also rises and becomes
by
the
scientific-technological
and
industrial revolutions is not permanent or
long-term for any specific individual or
community. The opportunity to increase
such income source is not confined to any
specific type of subject, but to all subjects
in society. Human development always
takes place unevenly in all aspects. People’s
capacities and qualities also vary. Taking
advantage of opportunities brought about
by the scientific - technological revolution
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Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 1 (195) - 2020
more sustainable. More products are shortcomings caused by the market
economy and institutions which can distort
social relations and restrain the human and
social development.
included in the basic needs in a more
diverse way that demonstrates the social
progress at a higher level. However, when
horizontal social equity is enhanced,
vertical social equity will also be pushed to
higher levels, the paradox of the situation
"the more the equality, the higher the
extent of division into layers/levels"
continues to exist.
4. Conclusion
While the rich-poor gap is widening,
causing the risk of social polarisation, the
matter is how to effectively utilise
achievements of the scientific - technological
and industrial revolutions to restrain such
widening and to narrow the rich-poor
differentiation which is in existence today.
The achievements of the two revolutions
themselves neither create fairness nor cause
injustice, and neither increase nor decrease
the rich-poor gap. Their application in line
with the defined purposes of individuals,
social groups and communities based on
market rules makes the rich-poor
differentiation occur in different trends. The
achievements are very fundamental tools,
which are especially effective, to raise
income for social groups, either widening
or narrowing the rich-poor gap in and social
polarisation. To properly apply them for
humanitarian purposes and social progress
has become an urgent task and requirement
of the modern society.
Along with the development of the
scientific-technological and industrial
revolutions, the fairness in both vertical
and horizontal ways is increasingly
expanded into many elements such as
environmental fairness and fairness in
achievements of all development aspects:
education, healthcare, sports, etc. To
ensure the implementation of social equity
in all elements, both horizontally and
vertically, is very difficult when ones
needs to, at the same time, ensure the
development of a market economy at a
rapid pace. Our survey shows that the
majority of people deem the impacts of the
scientific-technological and industrial
revolutions have not yet exerted great
impacts on the implementation of social
equity, and the paradox of the situation
"the more the equality, the higher the
extent of division into layers/levels" is not
as strong, as under the impacts of the
market economy and institutions. The
shortcomings in the implementation of
social equity today are mainly caused by
the market economy and institutions.
Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the
application of achievements of the
scientific-technological and industrial
revolutions in socio-economic and human
development, using them to limit
Notes
1 The paper was published in Vietnamese in: Nghiên
cứu Con người, số 4, 2018. Translated by Van Thi
Thanh Binh.
2
The author uses research results of Project KX
01.11/16-20. The research team of that project has
72
Luong Dinh Hai
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revolution. It is more and more obvious that
impacts of the scientific-technological and
industrial revolutions on social equity are stronger
and stronger in Vietnam.
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