The science foundation for the establishment cooperation mechanism on trans-boundary water management
Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City
61
The science foundation for the establishment cooperation mechanism on
trans-boundary water management
Bui Viet Hung and Nguyen Ngoc Diep
University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Research Paper
The Mekong Delta (MD) is of socio-economic importance for
both Vietnam and Cambodia. The trans-boundary dimension
and respective management issues are highly relevant for the
economic development and security of each country. Because
the economic development of each country is different in the
boundary region of MD, there are many kinds of natural hazard
occurred in MD (including flood, drought, acid sulphate soils,
and saltwater intrusion), the impact of upstream development,
a myriad of flood controlling infrastructure, and the implica-
tions of climate change. To resolve these above problems and
maintain the boundary security condition, the two countries are
implementing many cooperation and coordination mechanisms
(CMs) at central and provincial levels. In this article, the
current CMs between the two countries are presented to clarify
the implementing status, effective and coherent level of the
trans-boundary water management (TWM). From that, some
recommendations will be proposed to set up a new CM closed
with TWM for the boundary provinces in MD.
Recieved: April 02, 2018
Accepted: June 07, 2018
Keywords
Cooperation mechanism
Mekong Delta
Mekong River Commission
National Mekong committee
Trans-boundary water management
Corresponding author
Bui Viet Hung
Email: bvhung@hcmus.edu.vn
1. Introduction
and they still not have a solution or still not
have solved to cause many misunderstanding and
The Mekong Delta extends from central Cam- complex for each other. To better manage the
bodia to Vietnam, where the Mekong River emp- shared resources in the Mekong Delta, Cambodia
ties into the sea. As the “rice bowl” of both coun- and Vietnam work together to develop joint plan-
tries, the delta is essential for their food security ning and harmonised mechanisms for the man-
and income. However, the upstream hydropower agement of water resources through a bilateral
development and delta’s flood controlling infras- project supported by the Mekong River Com-
tructures affect fisheries, the floodplains, sed- mission (MRC). After consultations with govern-
iment movement, and water quality. Impacts ment officials and local stakeholders and field sur-
of climate change, including severe floods and veys, the two countries have identified six main
droughts and saltwater intrusion, also threaten issues to address in cooperation. Details of the six
the delta’s natural resources (IWRM program, main issues are recorded in the joint technical pa-
2017).
per, Trans-boundary Water Management Issues
in the Mekong Delta of Cambodia and Vietnam,
published in September 2017 (IWRM program,
2017).
Due to the need for economic development, se-
curity as well as the mitigation of adverse im-
pacts at the border areas of Vietnam and Cam-
bodia, the Governments of the two countries
as well as the border provinces’ administrations
have carried out many institutional activities to
promote a cooperation and dialogue. The most
raised problems at present are the issues related
directly or indirectly to water in Mekong River
The six joint issues on TWM between Vietnam
and Cambodia are:
• Flood and drought strategic planning.
• Infrastructure development and investment.
• Coordination and Communication Mecha-
Journal of Agriculture and Development, Volume 17 - Issue 3
62
Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City
nisms.
Mekong River and Transit at the common bound-
• Human and institutional capacity building at ary region between Vietnam and Cambodia,
the managerial and technical level.
signed on 17 December 2009.
• Environmental, social and economic impacts
ꢀ The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
of development and climate change.
between the Governments of the Kingdom of
• The implementation of the Navigation Agree- Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Repub-
ment between Cambodia and Vietnam.
lic and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam for
Road Transport signed on 17 January 2013. The
Memorandum of Understanding favorable trans-
portation of goods and people between the par-
ticipations; cooperate in socio-economic develop-
ment and bring stability for each country.
Therefore, for the solution all above issues, it
should review the institute content of current co-
operation and dialogue mechanism between two
countries. Based on the analysis, to propose the
CM on the TWM, which will aims to improve
and enforce the quality of existing coordination
• The CMs at the bordering provincial lev-
and cooperation mechanisms and to focus on the els: The boundary local CMs are based on
boundary provincial level in MD’s boundary re- many agreements, memorandum of understand-
gion.
ing. These documents are included as (Hung,
2015):
2. Advantages and Disadvantages on The
Implementation Existing CMs Among
Vietnam and Cambodia
ꢀ The Agreement on activities at border water
region between provinces of Kien Giang Provin-
cial People’s Committee and the Kampot State
Administration under the UNEP / GEF project
”Prevention of environmental degradation trends
in the East Sea and Gulf of Thailand” (Kien Gi-
ang PPC, 2003).
At present, the trans-boundary cooperation
and dialogue mechanisms between Vietnam and
Cambodia are established at two levels, which are
the central and boundary provincial levels. They
are:
ꢀ The Fisheries Cooperation Plan between
Kampot Fisheries Department and Department
• The CMs at the national level: The cen- of Agriculture and Rural Development of Kien
tral coordination and cooperation mechanisms Giang Province, signed on 29/05/2014 (Kien Gi-
are based on many agreements, treaties or mem- ang DARD, 2014).
orandum of understanding. These documents are
included as (Hung, 2015):
ꢀ The agreement on trans-boundary coopera-
tion between An Giang province (Vietnam) and
Kandal province (Cambodia) on 6 February 2007.
The main content of the search and rescue agree-
ment; exchange of forecast information on storms,
floods and warnings; health care; Cooperation in
agriculture, fisheries and veterinary (An Giang
PPC, 2007).
ꢀ The Cooperation Agreement between the
Long An Provincial People’s Court and the Court
of First Instance of Svay Rieng Province - King-
dom of Cambodia dated 31 May 2013. The coop-
eration agreement between the two provinces in-
cludes the following contents: exchange of experi-
ence of the two parties; information on crime sit-
uation, especially drug trafficking, transnational
human trafficking and border crossing between
Long An and Svay Rieng (Long An PP Court,
2013).
ꢀ The Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooper-
ation between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
and the People’s Republic of Cambodia signed
on February 18, 1979. The main content of the
treaty laid the foundation for peace and cooper-
ation between the two neighboring countries.
ꢀ The Agreement on the Historical Waters of
the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Peo-
ple’s Republic of Cambodia signed on July 7,
1982, delineates the boundaries of coastal and
marine waters belonging to the two countries.
ꢀ The Agreement on the principle of resolving
the Vietnam-Cambodia border issue (signed on
July 20, 1983).
ꢀ The 1995 Agreement on Mekong River low
basin’s cooperation in sustainable development
between the Governments of the Kingdom of
Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Repub-
lic, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the
Kingdom of Thailand.
ꢀ The Cooperation signatures between Dong
Thap (Vietnam) and Prieveng (Cambodia). For
example, the 2016 cooperation agreement be-
tween the two provinces was signed on 10/5/2016.
ꢀ The Agreement on Water transport on the
Journal of Agriculture and Development, Volume 17 - Issue 3
Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City
63
Minutes of cooperation in 2016 include 05 sec- and 3, the MRC countries can apply the article
tors with important contents such as: strength- 7 (prevention and cessation of harmful effects)
ening the exchange of information between the and 8 (state responsibility for damages) of the
two provinces to ensure political security and so- Agreement to be able to solve the issues of trans-
cial order in the border area; To create favor- boundary Impact caused by the development and
able conditions and coordination for the protec- management of water resources, especially in the
tion of landmarks and positions of demarcated situatuion of emerging development. The exam-
landmarks, stabilizing the entire borderline;. . .
ple about the effect of MRC’s supporting to the
bilateral cooperation in LMB is as the below pro-
gram.
2.1. The advantages
A further joint project, between Cambodia
and Vietnam, proposes to promote Community-
based trans-boundary fisheries management in
the border areas of the MD, through the fish-
ermen and local governments in the bordering
provinces of Prey Veng in Cambodia and Dong
Thap in Vietnam contributing to better man-
agement and sustainable utilization of fisheries
resources through cross-border cooperation. The
implementation of joint Neural Information Pro-
cessing System (NIPS) projects is to occur be-
tween 2016-2020 and pending an appropriate
funding source. The issue of future development
upstream and especially the impact of cascading
hydropower projects remains a significant con-
cern to the management of the MD. Climate
change and saltwater intrusion also pose signif-
icant challenges.
Based on the Memorandums of Understand-
ing (MoU), Agreements or Bilateral Coopera-
tion Plans between two boundary provinces shar-
ing border lines, the sectors of cooperation, di-
alogue, etc., are diverse and specific from na-
tional security and activities on the exchange
and sharing convenient information, knowledge
and data for their line agencies to set up specific
projects and activities in the common border ar-
eas. The agreements between two countries have
oriented/founded indeed the cooperation and di-
alogue on the trans-boundary water management
for the central organizations (ministries, insti-
tutes) and local administration (provinces, de-
partments).
The most highlight cooperation institute is the
Mekong Agreement 1995 (1995 agreement) signed
by four Low Mekong Basin’s (LMB) countries.
Vietnam and Cambodia both are very active 2.2. The disadvantages
members and have expressed their concenrs of
the water and related development in the Mekong
However, the content of all remain bilateral
Delta in line with the 1995 agreement. The MRC agreements, MoU or joint plans is general and
is the international regional organization estab- only orientation for the cooperation and dia-
lished by the 1995 agreement. The 1995 agree- logues on the economic, social and security sec-
ment is a dynamic “framework agreement” that tors, some elements (sectors) have concerned or
enables and requires the MRC to adopt and refine been affected by trans-boundary waters (trans-
rules and procedures to carry out its work in close boundary rivers, main streams) with some cen-
cooperation and coordination with relevant agen- tral organizations only as the Ministry of Agri-
cies and member countries. It identifies key activ- culture and Rural development (MARD), the
ities and mechanisms that support the sustain- Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment
able and equitable use, utilization and protection (MONRE). The TWM is indirectly identified or
of the Mekong water and water related resources. be as independent sector. The exchange or shar-
Under the water utilization procedure (WUP), ing hydro-meteorology, communication informa-
the MRC and the Member Countries agreed to tion and knowledge related to TWM are not
develop sets of rules for water utilization for the touch specially.
LMB (IWRM program, 2017).
In Vietnam, the extensive irrigation systems in
The Articles 1 and 3 of the 1995 agreement the Mekong Delta are used to manage floods for
(MRC, 1995) have affirmed the importance of the economic benefits and minimize flood impacts,
fields of development the riparian countries ben- and during the dry season, limit shortages of wa-
efit from the MRB resources priovided that they ter for irrigation and prevention (or reclamation)
have to pursuit the protection of environment of acid sulphate soils (which is naturally occur-
as stipulated in Article 3. Besides the Article 1 ring) (Hung, 2017). Therefore, the improvement
Journal of Agriculture and Development, Volume 17 - Issue 3
64
Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City
of existing canal systems is a necessity. The short- and even day-to-day information sharing and dis-
age of water also causes salinity intrusion in the cussions that is often required.
main rivers affecting agriculture and living con-
ditions (mostly in Vietnam) will be exacerabated 3. The Proposal CM on TWM between
by the impacts of climate change.
Vietnam and Cambodia for The
Mekong Delta
The flood control dyke systems built in Viet-
nam contribute to extensive flooding in the
Mekong Delta region of Cambodia and vice versa.
Vulnerable provinces in Cambodia include Takeo,
Prey Veng and Svay Rieng with flood dam-
age occurring in six out of ten districts in the
Takeo province and in Vietnam vulnerable loca-
tions along the boundary canals include: Vinh Te
canal, Tra Su canal, Bay Xa canal, and Bao Ke
canal. The future construction of flood manage-
ment infrastructure such as road heightening and
embankment or water diversion in Cambodia and
Vietnam may further increase the water level and
prolong the flood period in the flood prone ar-
eas in the Mekong Delta. The adverse impacts
of flood control infrastructure are discussed and
agreed by two sides in many bilateral meetings.
But the joint study/research of two countries is
still delayed due to the lack of the effective mech-
anism on the information and data sharing and
exchange.
3.1. The general characteristics of CM on
TWM
A CM is considered to be an arrangement for
sharing and discussing water resources informa-
tion between two or more countries to help ad-
dress trans-boundary issues. It includes, but is
not restricted to, high level decision-making com-
mittees, technical work groups, emergency re-
sponse teams, day-to-day storage (dam) opera-
tion groups, email groups, forums, workshops and
websites. They can be temporary or permanent,
focus on addressing one or many issues, and in-
clude other characteristics.
Based on the current trans-boundary coordina-
tion and cooperation mechanism between Viet-
nam and Cambodia in MD, the common founda-
tion for the CM on TWM are (Hung, 2017):
• Principle to Develop the CM is some current
institutes such as: The Mekong Agreement 1995
and its 5 procedures approved; The existing bilat-
eral cooperation Cambodia – Vietnam is at two
levels – central and boundary provincial; The co-
operation level is implemented at the basin level
and also provincial level.
• Objectives: To promote cooperation between
the border provinces of Vietnam and Cambodia
in some fields such as: The share and exchange
the data and information on water resource and
relative issues are required from the boundary
provinces of two countries and upper Mekong
River Basin; The technical support and capac-
ity building to help the boundary provinces and
other stakeholders to address all relative issues on
TWM; and The advisory and support decision-
making of the boundary provincial administra-
tions.
• Scope of CM: The CM is implemented in
boundary region of MD between two countries; It
is established for the boundary provinces of two
countries; The CM should focus on the priority
main fields (planning, development, assessment
and navigation).
• Forum of cooperation: The CM on TWM
should include the bilateral and multi-lateral
activities of the National Mekong Committees
Additionally, there are many raised adverse im-
pacts related to the management of TWM in the
boundary region as the trans-boundary water use
conflicts, the connection of irrigation canals, the
erosion bank at natural boundary line – canals
or rivers. And the most of them has been dis-
cussed and solved through the establishment of
high level, committees and councils, and multi-
lateral agreements where more than 2 countries
cover parts of a river basin. For the Mekong
River, this includes the establishment of the MRC
Council, the MRC Joint Committee and vari-
ous agreements including the Procedures for Data
and Information Exchange and Sharing (PDIES).
These are necessary platforms for raising trans-
boundary water sector related issues and set-
ting out regional and national strategies to ad-
dress them. With membership at the Minister
and/or senior executive level, these types of ar-
rangements are generally held no more than 2-3
times per year due to the many other commit-
ments of its members and resources required to
bring Ministers and government executive staff
together. The less focus has been on establishing
the processes to support implementation of trans-
boundary strategies, including monthly, weekly
Journal of Agriculture and Development, Volume 17 - Issue 3
Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City
65
(NMCs), in which, there are Cambodia Mekong non-government stakeholders, or even made pub-
Committee and Vietnam Mekong Committee. It lic via publishing online.
means that, the content of CM on TWM takes
3.2. Identification of CM on TWM
the Mekong Agreement 1995 with 5 Procedures
and Techinal Guilines (Procedure of Water Use
Management, Procedure of Data Information Ex-
change and Sharing, Proceduce for Notification,
Prior Communication and Agreement, Procedure
of Mitigation Flood Management, Procedure of
Water Quality) as its conferences.
A framework is developed to help ensure a sys-
tematic and iterative approach to identifying and
ensuring close alignment of the CMs to address
the joint trans-boundary issues. The example is
the first step, which is to identify information
and people needs, including skill sets, to support
resolution of the trans-boundary issues. Reviews,
surveys, meetings and workshops are undertaken
by the National Mekong Committees to identify
what information is needed, available and accessi-
ble, and how best to use it at the trans-boundary
level. The assessments of the effectiveness of ex-
isting CMs are also undertaken (Figure 1).
The boundary provincial administrations im-
plement some contents of CM on TWM, which
should include some main items such as:
• Management: existing border province mech-
anism Joint meeting (Decision making, Advisory
and Resolve conflict). Oversees water resources
planning and management processes including
river basin planning, flood management planning
etc. Generally mid-to-high level groups within
government/organization.
3.3. The proposal CM on TWM
• Technique: Provides technical advice to sup-
port water resources planning and on-going man-
agement, including hydrological, meteorological,
engineering, economic and aquatic ecology. Ex-
changing relevant information and documenta-
tion (ex: Flow, Water Quality, ); Exchanging vis-
its of experts and delegations; Joint Study/ re-
search (ex: Fish migration, Bio-diversity, Env.
flow. . . ); Joint organizing seminars, workshops
and trainings; Capacity building - apply MRC’s
Decision Support Framework tools for Impact as-
sessment; Joint raising awareness on Flood fore-
casting.
• Operational: Supports on-going, including
day-to-day, water resources management pro-
cesses including operation of water infrastructure
in-line with agree water releases rules and mon-
itoring of water resources. Joint managing the
shared water resources and other related natural
resources.
The mechanism should address all the require-
ments related to the six joint trans-boundary is-
sues on water management in boundary region of
Mekong Delta, which are identified such as table
1 (Hung, 2017).
The flow chart of cooperation mechanism on
the trans-boundary water management applied
for the boundary provinces in Mekong Delta (Fig-
ure ??).
The main detail coordination and coopera-
tion mechanism implemented by the boundary
provinces of both countries for the Mekong delta
are proposed as followings:
• Objectives: To promote cooperation between
the boarder provinces of Vietnam and Cambodia
in the field such as (1) Exchange information on
water resource; (2) Technical Support and capac-
ity building; (3) Advisory and support decision-
making.
• Frequency: This is how often the CM is to
meet (if a group) and/or information to be shared
(if an online tool). For example, a trans-boundary
water resources committee may only need to meet
twice a year whereas provincial water depart-
ments may need to share information weekly or
even daily.
• Membership: Positions and representatives
of a CM. For example, a trans-boundary techni-
cal working group could comprise of senior hy-
drologists and hydrogeologists, whereas and a
weekly river basin update report could be cir-
culated to a restricted group of government and
• Areas of Cooperation: Mekong Delta, the
boundary provinces are Vietnam’s Long An,
Dong Thap, An Giang and Kien Giang; Cambo-
dia’s Takeo, Prey Veng, Sey Rieng and Kandal.
• Prioritized areas of cooperation: (1) Flood
and drought strategic planning; (2) Infrastruc-
ture development and investment; (3) Environ-
mental, social and economic impacts of devel-
opment and climate change; and (4) The imple-
mentation of the Navigation Agreement between
Cambodia and Vietnam.
• Form of Cooperation: Exchanging relevant
Journal of Agriculture and Development, Volume 17 - Issue 3
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Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City
Step 2
Step 3
Assess access and
availability to
Review
the status
information and people
of existing CMs
Step 4
Step 1
Identify options for
strengthening existing CMs
(benifits and risk analysis)
Identify priority issues
Identify information
and people to help
address issue
Joint trans-boundary
issues papers
Step 5
Identify options for
more effective, new CMs
(benifits and risk analysis)
Figure 1. Framework for identifying trans-boundary coordination mechanisms.
(Source: Hung, 2017)
People committee;
Line Agencies
Department of
and
Natural Source and
Departments of
Environment of
boundary provinces
boundary provinces
Line agencies for
supporting make
Line agencies for
supporting make
decision related to
trans-boundary
intergrated
decision related to
trans-boundary
intergrated
water resource
management
water resource
management
Vietnam Mekong
Committe
Combodia Mekong
Committe
Mekong River Commision
Figure 2. Framework for identifying trans-boundary coordination mechanisms.
(Source: Hung, 2017)
information and documentation on 4 Prioritized cial channel); Exchanging visits of experts and
areas of cooperation through various means (in- delegations; Jointly organizing seminars, training
cluding, but not restricted to, emails and offi- workshops and meetings attended by scientists,
Journal of Agriculture and Development, Volume 17 - Issue 3
Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City
67
Table 1. The content of proposal cooperation mechanism on trans-boundary water management between
Vietnam and Cambodia for Mekong Delta
Elements
Definitions
Make the understanding of hydrological regime.
Make the joint coordination and other convenient activities in the Mekong
Delta.
Make the understanding of environmental, social and economic variances in
boundary region of two countries of Mekong Delta.
Make the agreement or acceptable conditions on the identifying and imple-
menting changes to the flow, water level and hydrological regime necessary.
Make the advantage for the navigation in local river network.
Make the best and advantage condition of canal and river networks in the
border areas.
Implement the measures to address the shortage of water during the dry season
for irrigation, domestic water supply and prevention of salinity intrusion.
Implement the bilateral cooperation.
The addressed
requirements
related to TWM
Implement the consideration trans-boundary implications and impacts of the
infrastructure development and investment related to the water management
sector in boundary region of Mekong Delta.
Implement the support and build the decisions capacity.
Implement the exchange and sharing data, information and knowledge related
to the trans-boundary water management.
Implement the communicating about the flood and drought strategic plan.
The convenient data includes: Hydrology of mainstream; Hydrology
of important trans-boundary tributaries; Meteorology data; Geology
data/information; Topography map; Geophysic data/information; Water qual-
ity data/information; and Groundwater data/information;....
The convenient information and knowledge include: Infrastructure information;
Planning information; Water using damage information; Development planning
information; and Social/economic data/information.
The data,
information
and knowledge
The convenient information and knowledge include: Infrastructure information;
Social/economic data/information; and Hazard impacts’ information.
The general management council/group: The group is an active group.
The technical group: The group is a supporting group, which is set up when
has the issue.
The operation group: The group is a supporting group, which is set up when
has the issue or being an active group. The group should implement for the
multiple purposes or many different issues.
The special
implement groups
experts, policy makers, regulators, law enforcers forcement agencies, and research institutions, to
and others concerned; (Capacity building - apply establish and develop direct contacts and focal
MRC’s Decision Support Framework tools for Im- points with each other in the field of 4 Prioritized
pact assessment); And developing detailed joint areas of cooperation other related agreements to
action plans to implement the agreed priority ac- implement the following tasks: i) develop the an-
tions.
• Implementation Mechanism: At the national plementation of the agreed action plan.
level, it is MRC under the Mekong Agreement
nual action plan; ii) monitor and evaluate the im-
• The boundary provinces’ tasks are i) the ap-
1995. At the provincial level, it is the existing point a coordinator for the purpose of implement-
bordering provincial mechanism; And Vietnam ing coordination and cooperation mechanism; ii)
Mekong Committee will encourage and facilitate the implementation of the coordination and co-
their respective water use organizations, law en- operation mechanism will be reviewed; iii) the
Journal of Agriculture and Development, Volume 17 - Issue 3
68
Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City
venues and times of coordinators’ meetings shall References
be agreed upon in writing between the coordina-
[1] An Giang PPC. (2007). Agreement on trans-
boundary cooperation between An Giang province
(Vietnam) and Kandal province (Cambodia) on 6
February 2007. An Giang Province People Commit-
tee.
tors; and iv) each party shall bear its own costs
and expenses arising from the implementation of
this coordination and cooperation mechanism.
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
[2] Hung B. V. (2017). The national report of the
current cooperation and dialogue mechanisms on
trans-boundary water management between Viet-
nam and Cambodia, Mekong Delta Water Manage-
ment Project. Mekong River Commission.
The establishment of CMs on TWM between
Vietnam and Cambodia should be via legislation,
international treaties, formal (e.g. Memorandum
of understanding) and informal (e.g. handshake)
agreements and other arrangements, which are
already established and available.
[3] Hung, B. V. (2015). Initial report on Transboundary
water management between Vietnam and Cambodia,
Mekong Delta Water Management Project. Mekong
River Commission.
Integrated water resource management pro-
gram of MRC supports a multi-CMs approach
to achieve desired trans-boundary outcomes. All
levels of government, and non-government and
private sector should be considered in establish-
ing CMs, and approval and on-going resourcing
requirements. The proposal CMs between Viet-
nam and Cambodia should be aligned to support
the resolution of priority trans-boundary issues
on TWM in MD. This includes consideration of
what specific information; people and skill-sets
are needed and how often required. Multiple CMs
could be required to address one or a number of
issues on TWM.
[4] IWRM program. (2017). Trans-boundary water re-
source management issues in Mekong Delta between
Vietnam and Cambodia. Mekong Delta Water Man-
agement Project. Mekong River Commission.
[5] Kien Giang DARD. (2014). Minute of Aquaculture
Development Plan between Kien Giang (VN) and
Kampot (Cambodia) provinces on May 2014. Kien
Giang Province People Committee.
[6] Kien Giang PPC. (2003). Agreement on activities at
border water region between provinces of Kien Gi-
ang Provincial People’s Committee and the Kam-
pot State Administration. Under the UNEP/GEF
project ”Prevention of environmental degradation
trends in the East Sea and Gulf of Thailand”. Kien
Giang Province People Committee.
These cooperation mechanisms are based
on the current state of the database and new
interesting findings may be found as the database
continues to expand, as the number and type
of actors increases. There is also potential to
develop search functions and other features
[7] Long An PP Count. (2013). Cooperation Agreement
between the Long An Provincial People’s Court and
the Court of First Instance of Svay Rieng Province
- Kingdom of Cambodia dated 31 May 2013. Long
An Province People Committee.
[8] Mekong River Commission - MRC. (1995). Agree-
ment of Mekong Development and Cooperation
1995.
to provide
a
more ‘user-friendly’ interface.
By doing so, the hope is that through the
database contribute to improved coordination,
cooperation and learning between two countries
working with TWM and provide insights into
new opportunities to address knowledge gaps
that can lead to more informed decision-making
on trans-boundary waters.
Journal of Agriculture and Development, Volume 17 - Issue 3
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